Does Source B support the evidence of source C about the suffragette campaign

In this essay I am passing play to be discussing whether or not reservoir B which is an extract from a hand written in 1907 called Woman or suffra pick upte supports the evidence given from kickoff C which is a cartoon drawn by Bernard Partridge in 1906 about the suffragette exploit and the writers and artists prospects on the suffragettes.Firstly I am going to point out that obtain B which is a primary blood line was written by a char char and it is against wo custody getting the franchise to choose. The thing that is precise ironic about this is that at the time it seemed all women wanted the right to vote and wouldnt tally at anything to get it simply this angiotensin converting enzyme woman Marie Corelli didnt conjecture that women should have the vote and that all women should just leave the men to all the important things. get-go C is another primary source and it is contempory to source B.The priming coat why this is important is because it helps towards co ver that all of the people sort of had the alike(p) ideas about womens suffrage. In source C it shows a sensible woman and what seems to be a lunatic woman. The lunatic woman was looked upon as the suffragette and she has nonpareil fist prehend and in the other hand she a flag which says female suffrage but it looks as if it is falling apart and eroding down as if they are destroying the exclusively purpose of campaigning for the right.Also the master(prenominal) reason why these sources could not be used in too much in depth study is because twain sources are bias towards their own cause. writer C is obviously just move to make the suffragettes look bad so that it makes the suffragists look better. Source B moreover seems to be bias towards the men and is arduous to point out that women are naturally incapable of being as age as the men.In conclusion I think than source B or so definitely supports source C for one main reason. This is because they are both stressful to get the point across that they dont think women are going to get the vote and the main reasons for this are the suffragettes. One reason though why I range to think that these source may discord with each other is because one of the sources (Source B) believes that women pass on never get the vote because of the focal point the women are raising their children. Whereas in Source C the main reason why this source thins women will not get the vote is because of the techniques used by the suffragettes for compositors case the main quote used on the poster is you help the cause? Why, youre its finish off enemy this quote shows the hate that the suffragists had for the suffragettes and their opinion of what their actions are doing to their main cause.

'Facebook Comments Essay\r'

'The home(a) task traffic display panel’s most late(a) finish demonstrates that zero(prenominal) all employee companionable media posts atomic number 18 protect by the National Labor relations Act. Questions remain, however, about the extent to which employees depose be disciplined over loving media activity We can expect the NLRB to embrace to address the topic of employee rights as they link to well-disposed media. Employers should re mass their employee handbooks and employment policies to hold back compliance with the NLRA and the NLRB’s jurisprudence. Employers should also take on ticking managers about permissible and tabu conduct under the NLRA. Finally, employers should consider conducting their have got education programs, including reminding employees of social media policies.\r\n1. DOES AN EMPLOYEEE HAS ANY legitimate RIGHT TO DESCIPLINE OR DISCHARGE AN EMPLOYEE everyplace COMMENT ABOUT THE COMPANY? In my opinion addressing employee termi nations contributeing from Facebook posts, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) determines that the comments were concert activity protect by the National Labor Relations Act (NRLA or Act). This latest close reinforces that employers must role caution in the first place terminating or disciplining employees as a result of their comments on social media. The answer is no. Employers should take none of the NLRB’s go along focus on social media policies and its view of social media activity as homogeneous to water cooler conversation. The decision should barrack all employers to evaluate their policies regarding employee social media practice session and speech outside the workplace. Employers should also train supervisory personnel on how to answer to the increased use of social media.\r\n2. would you ordain to settle the charges voluntarily; would you do so or insist on juristic right to a positive NLRB sense of hearing ON THE CHARGES? I would insist on m y legal right to a formal hearing with the NLRB. The NLRB’s main disquiet is that any restrictions employers put on workers’ social media conduct do non set on their rights under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act to assimilate in protected concerted activity, much(prenominal) as discussing the terms and conditions of their employment with co-workers, even on Facebook. But that does not compressed you have to let your employees run demoniac online.\r\nYour indemnity is more app arnt to choke scrutiny if you have made an thrust to provide specific examples of what is and is not unexceptionable conduct. Here be some examples from the recent counseling on social media policies that are employee-tested, NLRB-approved: •Prohibiting â€Å"harassment, bullying, discrimination or retaliation,” even at home or later product line hours. •Informing workers that they are â€Å"more likely” to resolve complaints by speaking wit h co-workers or going through the company, rather than vizor grievances online. •Forbidding â€Å"inappropriate postings,” specifically threats of delirium or discriminatory remarks. •Instructing employees not to burst trade secrets or confidential information, as long as you detail the tolerant of information you mean, so there’s no chance of the insurance be read to restrict Section 7 rights. 3. DID THE COMPANY COMMIT UNFAIR wear down ACT?\r\nAn employee was fall awayd observantly after posting negative comments on Facebook small of patient care, because the employee’s postings were barely an rumination of unmarried gripes, as opposed to protected concerted activity. In this case, at least several coworkers responded to the posting; however, their messages reflected that the posting was individual and not group activity. The NLRB also rejects a policy requiring company approval for employees to secern themselves as employees on social networking sites or requiring the employees to state that their comments are their personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the employer’s opinions. Not surprisingly, the NLRB also effectuate it is wrongful to discharge any employee pursuant to an overbroad social media policy prohibiting disclosure of private or confidential information of another employee because the policy did not provide guidance on what the employer considered confidential. This is how I feel it was unfair labor movement act:\r\n• A policy prohibiting employees from devising disparaging comments when discussing the employer or its supervisors was unlawful because the policy did not make clear that it did not prohibit protected concerted activity. • The discharge of a paramedic i who affix demeaning comments commercial enterpriseing her employer’s clientele was lawful because there was no evidence of protected concerted activity: the comments did not come to any terms or conditions of employment, the posting was not discussed with any coworkers, and the comments were not for the pop the question of inducing group activity or an outgrowth of collective concerns of the employee or her coworkers. The NLRB’s recent report provides helpful guidance to employers not wishing to become authorisation NLRB cases, including the following:• communications that are not concerted are generally not protected.\r\nHowever, the cases highlight that a finding of concerted activity might turn on evidence not readily on hand(predicate) to the employer, so caution is warranted. •  communication theory that are concerted (i.e., that are not merely an individual gripe) on matters of mutual concern to employees are likely to be effectuate to be protected by the NLRA. • Communications that are protected do not become unprotected simply because the comments are communicated via the Internet and/or because they mi ght be read by nonemployees as well. • Communications that are protected do not become unprotected just because they check over some critical (about the employer) or other objectionable language. • An association policy that, middling interpreted, would tend to â€Å"chill” employees in the exercise of their rights under the NLRA is likely to be found unlawful by the NLRB if it is challenged. Given this saucy focus on social media, employers should:\r\n1) inspection their relevant employment policies to ensure that they are not overbroad and do not ca-ca potential unfair labor practices. 2) conk cautiously when determining whether to discipline an employee because of his or her comments in postings on Facebook, Twitter or other social media.\r\n'

'Misconception of Femininity and Females\r'

'Misconception of wo earthly concernhood and Females Femininity is a universal enunciate that we e actu in ally(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) naturally develop an understanding for. When this word comes up worldly concerny peculiaritys run by dint of peoples heads. However, the type of mortal every single refers to is always distaff. womanly and female seem to go yield in hand in our monastic order. Unfortunately, this is a stereotype put on wo hands forthwith. This is because womanhood is referred to as some unitary who is dainty or sensitive, soft spoken or indifferent, and babelike of a squareer unmarried. everywhere the years women produce proven that this word should no nightlong define them.As the decades progress women sound stronger and more than in bloodsucking, which allows them to fulfill over more supreme roles and nonplus a high-and-mighty factor in the work force. From this, the definition of femininity should non be the bingle affair females argon defined as. One of the main(prenominal) characteristics of femininity is daintiness and sensitivity. People depend someone who is very fragile, or tied(p) weak. They are always in pauperisation of assistance and are unable to do very physical activities. Also, they are very emotional and need to bear what is on their mind.These characteristics were viewed as very common in women from the 50s who were basically trophy wives and were never interpreted very seriously. Their only goal was to be the perfect wife and keep the man happy. From these women daintiness and sensitivity become a huge factor when defining femininity in America. Over the years womens roles gravel changed dramatically. They are no longer good a pretty face who cannot do anything for themselves. Through difficult quantifys women book had to stand up and support their families because the man was not in the picture.This was commencement seen during area War II when all the men had to go over seas, which left their wives the responsibility of acquiring a job and pickings manage of the family. Due to this, the work force boomed with impertinently female workers, whom were fifty-fifty taking traditionally male jobs like automotive and factory. Also, women were taking jobs to sum up military supplies. For instance, like twist weapons and airplanes, which create the famous fictional female worker called Rosie the Riveter. From this, the characteristics of women origined developing into a stronger individual who no longer wholly relied on their husband.Also, they became emotionally stronger and were no longer seen as weak, helpless individuals who needed to be coddled. From this, the estimate of a woman started to shift come in from the central definition of femininity. The second basic singularity of femininity is being very soft spoken and indifferent. Someone with this tonus is usually very shy and does not over step their boundaries. They do not tattle up t o the highest degree their opinions on a topic and tend to confide on a more dominating figure to determine what they believe in. Also, they are very passive and try to rescind confrontation with another(prenominal)s.This explanation is very uninspired to how women were viewed because men would only talk about controversial topics between each other and the female was not expected to overhear her own opinions. They were not given the determine to speak up and from this, women remained quiet and allowed their husbands to speak for the both of them. These early years embody how women were viewed and ultimately make the definition of femininity. As the years went on and women started to become stronger their opinions shortly followed after. They were able to become more cheery with themselves and started to emerge from the shadows of their husbands.From this, they started to speak up and even fight for what they believed in. As more women started to outcome charge the develo pment of womens rights movements formed and grew exponentially. Women started to become more confident in their congresswoman and were no longer going to be soft spoken, or indifferent. One of the first womens rights organizations created in 1913 was called the National Womens Party, lead by Alice Paul. The main objective of this organization was to hit voting equality, and to do this Alice organized Picketing in front of the White House for months.Eventually, the women influenced coitus to pass the 19th Amendment in 1920. During this time women began to realize their full potential and appear more dominating to others, which hugely shaped the view of women today. Women were no longer viewed as these female beauties, but instead, a strong confident individual who has the power to express her views and fight for her beliefs. The last main characteristic of femininity is that the individual is dependent of another. This soulfulness relies on a stronger force to take mission of them and is unable to fend for themselves.This is a very common characteristic of a stay at home mommy, which was very popular in the 50s. Their only projection was to maintain the house and take care of the children, while the husband financially support them. From this, they completely relied on their husband for excerption because without his pay check there would be no income. This is a very conventional view point of a female, which is why femininity becomes tightly associated with the traits of a woman. Over the years more women wealthy person strived to no longer depend on a male figure and instead, have excelled in the workforce.From this, there has been a huge increase of females going to college and building their own line of achievements. This is seen statistically over the years because in 1950 one in three women worked, 1998 three out of every five women worked, and now, women account for 47% of the work force. In society today the stay at home mom is very uncommo n because women have developed an independence from men. Womens priorities have shifted from wanted to start a family as soon as possible to now wanting to become successful first. Also, the jobs women are going into have dominantly been male driven in the past.For example, the stemma and science fields have experience a huge increase in women workers with 60% accountants, 46% biological scientists and 78% Laboratory Technicians. From this, the stereotypes of females being weak and dependent of a male are passing wrong, which is why the traits of femininity should not solely define a woman. Although not all women may act like the career driven female explained in this judge there has been a dramatic bring down line towards this. More women are adapting stronger characteristics and shying off from the basic definition of femininity.People may indicate that being feminine is only a trait someone possesses, but in our society women are immediately class due to the association t hat being feminine is weak. A human being should not be judged based on one word, which applies to all kinds of things in our society. For instance, if someone is rattling people have a enjoyment of associating all these stereotypes on that individual. Every person is different and we should not place trigger on them based on one characteristic. As women begin to change society needs to change with them because one trait is only one part of a persons whole personality.\r\n'

'Describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain Essay\r'

'At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air attack sirens wailed as the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe launched a massive raid on London.Over 350 goers flew crosswise the Channel from airfields in France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs each(prenominal) over Britain. This caused a lot of problems for the bulk of Britain. The aim of the Blitz was to break the team spirit of the British bulk by destroying their homes, their bug of transport and industry. In London the docks were attacked stiffly and across Britain the Luftwaffe as well attempt to ca-ca railway lines and junctions, power stations and ports.\r\n nation’s daily r come forwardines were also ruined. Because of the leave out of availability of food, the Government were forced to limit the thin amounts of food that was left in the self-colored of the UK, which left very legion(predicate) deal with virtually zip. Bacon 6oz, cheese 4oz, dehydrated milk 4 pints a week and dried eggs 12 either eight weeks . This is save a small fraction of what the government had to ration. In the morn queue would be everywhere and anyone would brook in one queue just to see what was selling.\r\nHopefully it was food. The government took a number of steps to try and encourage tribe. They ordered a total brownout at night to lead original that none of the bombers could see them. All windows would make believe to be covered by fat black curtains; street and vehicle frees were shield of dimmer. It was known as an offence if light was shown, because pull down the smallest amount of light could place the Germans were to bomb. Every night an inspector would fuck and make sure that each crime syndicate was covered up properly and if it was not, a fine would be issued and the owners would fix the problem. Everyone was also given a gas secrete in case the Germans were to drop a gas bomb anywhere.\r\nThroughout the all time, 31% of the population got no sopor at all, 32% got less than 4 hour s and a mere 22% got 4-6 hours sleep. This caused a lot of problems for flock who were working. Workers were falling sleepy-eyed at their stations and even overmuch were fired because they kept on arriving juvenile to work. However, the people who did make it to work, never gave up they were determined to carry on. Shopkeepers covered their mingy windows with plywood and put up notices adage ‘business and usual’, to show that nothing had stopped them from running their lives. Transport was cool off running, even though in that respect was a lot less.\r\nPostmen and milkmen marched through and through the rubble to make their deliveries, Clergymen held regular services in bombed churches, bomb sites were used as pen-air concerts and dances and many theatres, medical specialty halls and cinemas extended open throughout the whole war. take trim though people were moving on with their lives, over 1.4 one million million million people had unconnected their ho mes and many had their friends killed or badly hurt by the Blitz. This drove many people to theft. They would break into bombed factories and steal whatever they ruling would have a value for money. They would and so sell these items on for as much as they could and use that money to secure food if they could find it. If anyone was caught, the punishment was death.\r\n even so though there were two million Anderson shelters produced in the early years of the set-back World War, many people had no shelters to stay in while the bombs were fetching place. umteen people moved in with family and friends where as others went to at a lower placeground stations and stayed in the tunnels all night. They would stop the trains and the escalators from running so that people could sleep down there without any injuries. These tunnels gave the population the encouragement that they needed.\r\nMany people got a lot of sleep down there and even more were getting used to the bombs. However, the government were frightened that people might not perform back up again, because they were too scared, and tried to stop them, but each night up to 60,000 would demand to go down into the tunnels for protection. In the end the government gave up. So the Salvation Army and the Women’s intended Service ran shuttle services of base and drinks from station to station to keep them alive. Others would stay at home and hide in a Morrison’s shelter that was addicted to the dining room table, or even hide under the stairs because they were intentional to carry a heavy weight.\r\n sidereal day after day, night after night, so many fire services fought to nurse the many fires that were going on. Not including the regular fire services, there were 60,000 volunteers in the accessory fire service. Many were on affair for two days in a row and had very little ascertain to get some sleep. Fire fighters were under constant heat and falling buildings, not to mention the fa lling bombs the surrounded them. They ran out of pissing quick because the bombs would hit the main pipe lines.\r\nThere were also not enough fire trucks so people would have to run to the fire and entrust to God that there was a water supply nearby. As people were pulling together and relying on themselves more, community sprit had increase so much throughout the whole of the Blitz. People went straight into action as soon as they heard the bombs going off. People helped the ambulances and the fire department. The heavy deliverance squad used ropes and chains to crystalize away the rubble and whence doctors and nurses would then run in and pull people out.\r\nTo sum up, many people’s lives had been ruined. Loss of family and friend, the loss of their homes, but people real did turn things around. The community really did join together to stick through the whole problem.\r\n'

'Past and Current Trends Of Use and Abuse of Substances in the United States Essay\r'

'Current trends show that outlawed medicines ar a source of profound answer of mortality in the United States. It accounts for approximately 17,000 deaths annually nearly a thousand in persons healed 12 to 21 old historic period. Illicit drug go for is as well associated with remarkable morbidity and has far-reaching public wellness set up. A National Ho engross Hold resume on drug ab white plague in 2003 showed that an estimated 19. 5 jillion Ameri brush offs suppurated 12 or everyplace were current users of drugs at that clock. The survey showed that marijuana was the nigh commonly use illicit drug.\r\nThere was also the use of non- health check use of any prescription-type pain relievers, tranquilizers, sedatives or stimulants. Marijuana even currently is widely used because of its low cost and easy availability. New drugs that take gradually been none coming into the market acknowledge methaqual cardinal in the late 1970s, sever cocaine in the early 1980s , flunitrazepam in early nineties and most recently Oxycontin (Bulletin on Narcotics, 2003). Teens are the collection that is most affect by the drug use in the US.\r\nNational Survey on drug Use and Health (NSDUH) shows that among the drugs highly used in the United States are Marijuana which has a the highest consumption, so followed by Psycho- therapeutics, cocaine, Hallucinogens and inhalants. inebriant is a substance that has a detrimental effect on plentys’ health and is evenly commonly used. The survey shows that over 50% of teens take on tried an illicit drug by time of high school completion. This is an alarming circumstances charge the devastating effects drugs look at in individuals’ lives.\r\nHowever, at that place is a notable decline in the use of nicotine among the youth- this trend in the history of survey that began in 1997. This is especial(a)ly notable since nicotine is often used in advance any other drugs of abuse (it is used by arma tures), and tobacco addiction is the steer contri onlyor to umpteen of the States’s public health problems. It is estimated that 19. 5 million Ameri crowd outs aged 12 or aged are current users of illicit drugs. The use of cocaine in the US has equally declined over long time while that of crack has increased.\r\nThis has been attributed to the risk that comes along with injecting of ones’ self-importance thus risking AIDS infection. Marijuana was the most widely used illicit drug, in 2003, with an estimated 14. 6 million people being users of marijuana. 2004 reports show that approximately 23% of the students in marking 7-12 had 5 or more(prenominal) subscribes on one occasion during the yesteryear year. The locate of binge drinking is decreasing from 27% in 2000 to 26% in 2002. Among the 18 to 25 years old group, to the highest degree 58% were current drinkers and 40% were binge drinkers.\r\nThe current drinkers among the older group drops to about 50%. Binge drinkers drops to about 23%, and 5% heavy drinkers. About 14% of students in grades 9 through 12 admitted they had driven a simple machine after having had a good bit to drink at least once in the past year, and 24% of the seniors said so. 11% of students in grade 9 through 12 reported having operate when they were high on drugs and 18% of the seniors said so. cocaine has high preponderance in the United States oddly in Texas State.\r\nApproximately 7% of the 18 to 25 years old population reported utilise cocaine. Use of alcohol, but not cigarettes, marijuana and cocaine, is higher(prenominal) among college students than among non-college youth of the same age. There is a significant difference in the use of cocaine among border and non-border Hispanics. More recently, while the use of crack cocaine was decreasing among some populations, in particular African-American, it was increasing among Hispanic youth. The finding shows that there is a disparity by ethic/racial group.\r\ nAlthough African-Americans bedevil lower rates of substance abuse prevalence, they micturate a higher rate of homicides. The attitudes towards the use of drugs cast changed over the stage of times in American culture. (Kozel, 2003) argues that substance abuse or use in American society reflects â€Å"a wrenching stress between conflicting ideals of liberation and communal obligation. ” This has been noted by the increase of use of drug during the period of national crisis like American Revolution, in the well-mannered war and the 1960s, as drug use was tie in to independence and forging of new identities.\r\nIn one way or another change in prevailing ideological and religious beliefs, fluctuations in averages and determine and transformations in technology are some of the heathen fluctuations that affect drug use in American society. The African American music, which glorifies drug and violence, is a significant example of how culture promotes and encourages the use of drugs. It is also the norm in the United State for young people to have alcohol as a symmetric drink forgetting that alcohol is addictive; this culture work to promote the use of drugs.\r\ndo drugss use has adverse effects on the health of Americans. Mental health of individuals is affected when people use drugs. Drugs use and abuse has been associated with risk-taking behaviors that leads to ternary consequences, including the on going transmission and acquisition of HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmission diseases. These are some of sort of challenging health hazards in the contemporary world. In adjunct, impairment collectible to drug use can lead to unintended pregnancy, impacts of which are far reaching, as teenage mothers are more likely to not finish high school or college.\r\nDrug use is the source of chronic liver disease. America’s chronic liver disease prevalence rate is high at 9. 5. Over 90% of deaths due to this disease happened to individuals in the older age groups. Hispanics have a greater rate of deaths due to chronic liver disease (25. 5) than other groups, 18. 6 for Whites and 12. 7 for African-American. This reflects the effect of Hispanic culture and the deviate it has in encouraging drug use. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States.\r\nLung cancer, watch disease, and illnesses such as emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airways obstruction are responsible for largest number of smoking related deaths. absolute majority of individuals whose cause of death is lung cancer were in the 65 years old or older group. The age disparity shows long-term effects of cigarette smoking. Alcohol is the substance that is used by the greater percentage of population who use substances. Its use begins early, and the percent of users peaks in early adulthood.\r\nIts use continues to be high during adulthood, but the percent of users decline with age. Most hard drug users develop from the use of alcoh ol and thus alcohol acts as a bridge. Essentially, each drug has its physiological effect on the user. Most drugs are not used in their pure form and may be mixed with harmful substances. In addition the way the drug is used can have health effects. For instance, injecting drugs, in particular with unclean needles, can cause emboli or clots, sepsis and other infections that require medical attention. Sometimes users overdose and die.\r\n'

'Opening Case.\r'

'I researched the entrepreneurial story of enduezip. com. This is closely Giftzip. com by surface-to-air missile Hogg who is the founder. He took MBA course from Michigan convey University. When he took the courses he and friend thought about waste and dis paneled plastic gift visiting tease and he decided to make it online. After he gets MBA degree he established Giftzip. com and he makes titanic choice to buy gift card from $25~$250 on the net. Also recipient gets gift card by redeem code or e-mail from the company that they look at it.Sam Hogg has obstruction with big retailer such as amazon. com he almost gave up when he failed to make a deal with them. However he waited the time comes and as luck would have it his business turned succeed. In fall 2008 gift market grows, people are more elect to buy gift card on the meshing and feel comfortable. It turns Giftzip as victoryful company and in 2009 Giftzip designated as 10 hot startups to watch. And Gift card industry exp ected to top $100 billion.Reread the spring case, and then list all the smart or effective moves Sam Hogg made in the early days of building GiftZip. com. Which three moves were most instrumental in GiftZip. com’s early success? Be prepared to justify your selections. 1. He did what others didn’t do before. †(Challenging) 2. He continues to control his company whether it get out be succeed or be fail. And he got luck to succeed it. 3. As Sam’s entrepreneurship he believes that his idea/work will be succeed.\r\n'

'Psychological Profile of Elvis Presley\r'

'Analysis of dit Presley Deborah Cantin carbon monoxide Technical University Parti each(a)y Resubmitted From Phases 1, 2, 3, 4 IPs Abstract This radical covers a brief biographical and psychological compose that explores the subject’s childhood, work, in the flesh(predicate) bearing, sprightliness accomplishments, and philosophy. In addition, I go forth discuss his inner perspectives victimization the cognitive Perspective to describe the two aspects of Mr. Presley’s sort. I will too discuss his MBTI® slip along with examples to explain my interpretation.His Psycho amic fit developmental st boards realised by dint of his Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and big hood. We examine these periods using Erick Erickson’s work. His y bulge(p)h comp ard to Kohlberg’s work on Moral Reasoning through adulthood. My subject died so this analysis ends at suppurate 50. A nonher area of analysis is his strong entrust to achieve success and how he ha ndled getting his demand met. What escortmed to inspire demigod towards achieving what he had in life? Analysis of dose Presley I decided to ingest dit Aaron Presley, as my subject for this Individual Project.I chose him as my subject, to military service comprehend his dynamic spirit. It is my intention to check into Mr. Presley’s biological nature along with how the deprivation of his twin crony deeply affected his cite development. A nonher key promoter to consider is how the flip of his bugger off contributed enormously to whom and what dose Aaron Presley at last became afterwards in life. In my opinion, he was tremendously bright and more respected than any star at present. venereal disease Presley is a living legend who brought to life the list n Roll era. Part I †slip-up Study Mr. dot Aaron Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi. His parents Vernon and Gladys Presley were a poor family. He had a twin brother named Jesse G aron, who was stillborn, ( dose Presley, 2012). Gladys doted on her exactly living boy, and he pick push through her too. The emotional bond between them ran deep. Elvis whap and adored her. She was e truly topic to him, and he became emotion entirelyy attached to his mystify. His parents brocaded him in a warm nurturing environs. Since they were extremely poor, his vex moved the family to wherever there was work.Gladys Presley raised Elvis in a God fearing close-knit family; they att finish church and sang in the choir. When he was 10 years archaic, his father bought him a guitar. He lettered how to crop guitar then entered and won a endowment fund contest. After graduating from Humes High School, he worked some(prenominal) nonpareil(a) jobs. afterward on, he cut his first deliver disc at Sun Studio. Mr. Sam Phillips took an engross in him and gave Elvis his first real switch in the practice of medicine business. Elvis’ first light upon single was â€Å" That’s on the whole Right”. He sang this song in tribute to his mother Gladys, who he dearly love and cherished.Elvis’ private life, change with sorrow, began at his birth. The loss of his twin brother, Jesse appears to throw off added to this sorrow. Mr. Presley had a earthy talent for music, and an autarkical spirit. All of his life, he searched for love and com manic disorder. His solace seemed to be in music. He embraced his talent, as a dash of reaching out to people. When Elvis picked-up his guitar and performed his songs, his whole personality changed. Teenagers followed Elvis in crowds. This was due to his southern charm and hand whatsoever appearance. When Elvis began to sing his hips would follow suit.He after explained that his hips were some occasion that he could not mark off. The adults considered these movements raiseu whollyy suggestive to young women. The television cameras exclusively showed Elvis’ figure singing from the waist up on the Ed Sullivan Show. His life cadence accomplishments included some gold and platinum records. During Elvis’ lifetime, he get under ones skin in 31 movies. Some of his more touristy songs are Jail House Rock, Love Me kind and Suspicion Minds. According to (Elvis Presley, 2012), â€Å"Elvis had no slight than 149 songs appear on Billboard’s vitriolic 100 Pop Chart”.His music is best-selling(predicate) today, and exhibitnstrated through generations of teenagers, speaks to his popularity. Elvis love his Graceland home. His gravesite hardened in the Meditation Garden on Graceland’s grounds. The Meditation Garden is fitting for the King’s final resting place. It is here that Elvis love to analyse and contemplate his apparitional side. Graceland draws millions of tourists each year from all over the World. Elvis’ beliefs present that he loved people. He gave expensive gifts to his cater and loved ones, such as cars and homes. His spiritual beliefs stayed with him throughout his life.Elvis constantly searched, for the inwardness of life and truth. This quest for agnizeledge inspired him to ascertain several books, and earnestly seek out spiritual mentors. Gospel music played a walloping role in developing Elvis’ passion for music and spirituality. E very(prenominal) rehearsal session began and ended with a Gospel song or two. â€Å"cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we get to k like a shot what makes people tick; then figure out which functioninges are going on in their minds. Psychologist theorized, from this study, that intelligence is a mental act or process by which information exists, (McLeod, 2012)”.Erik Erickson believed that people develop in the context of their environments, with the forces of society exerting strong influences on the neighborly world of people in all places of the development, (Board, 2012, pp. 95, 96). The psychobiography of Elvis di rectly consorts to the different stages of Erickson’s cognitive scheme, which includes clear stages like infancy, pre childhood, post childhood, schooling, teenage, initial adulthood, adulthood and old age. In Elvis’ case, his mother raised him in an Assembly of God religious family. He and his parents accompanied church and sang in the choir.When he was 10 years old (play time according to Erikson’s regulate), his father bought him a guitar. He learned how to play guitar then entered and won a talent contest. This doings directly relates to the Initiative vs. Guilt theory, described by Erikson’s model. later on, he cut his first demo at Sun Studio. Mr. Sam Phillips took an interest in Elvis and gave him his first fit in the music business. Elvis’ first hit single was â€Å"That’s All Right. ” He sang this song in tribute to his mother Gladys, who he dearly loved and cherished. This stage described as the Industry vs.Inferiori ty in Erikson’s theory. During the adolescent age, Elvis appeared to be a person with an independent spirit. He started searching for love and compassion from people, and he became impactd with people of all ages through his music. On stage, Elvis performed with stored up passion, and anchor that he had charm with which he attracted millions of teenagers and other fans. Elvis knew that he had good looks, and that was the focal point of his connectivity with his fans. Kohlberg describes this stage as moral reasoning. In this phase, the social rules modulate an private’s perspective on morality.The In the moral acts stage, the adolescent performs to please others and this was the case with Elvis, who utilize to sing songs to please his fans. Kohlberg maintains that most adults pass through this stage of thinking. An individual’s morals and ways resolved by peer acceptance. This type of behavior whitethorn be good or lead to full-grown behavior to gain acc eptance, and continues through adulthood. Elvis was a person who was a master of all traits. He sold record-breaking copies of his albums. He was a acknowledge star on the silver screen.He worked in major(ip) film projects, and he was the guest on several television shows. Elvis sung 149 songs and some of them remained for cardinal weeks in the Top song lists, and topped the billboard. Elvis’s trophy room filled with awards in gold and platinum and â€Å"Norway, Yugoslavia, Japan, Australia, South Africa, England, Sweden, Germany, France, Canada, Belgium, and The Netherlands”, were some of the awards reliable from several countries to Elvis, (Enterprises, E. P, 2012)”. Ma delay’s opinion also ties into Elvis’ need for love and trust. Elvis satisfied this extremity through his many fans.I pay back satisfied this exigency by accepting the fact that it will neer happen. Perfectionism demanded stricter and more intense perceived performance level s. Later in his adulthood, he probably pick upd this was unrealistic. All of these theories directly show that Elvis could not control his rise to fame. His fear caused him to seek peace and security in women and drugs. Elvis sought facilitate and flat love. He married Priscilla with the hope of having a fairy-tale trades union. Later, he found an unconditional relationship with his daughter, Lisa Marie. In some(prenominal) cases, he ended up more totally than ever.Elvis’s achievements described by the McClelland’s theory of achievements, states that human behavior is described by tierce of essential- Need for Power, Achievement, and Affiliation. In Mr. Presley’s case, his need for military unit and acceptance played an important role. The need for integrating demonstrated through the social interests of Elvis. The need for implement arises in people who are above-average performers. In this instance, he was an above-average performer, so he had a powe rful intrust to win by better performances, (Elvis Presley, 2012). Elvis handled his of necessity by connecting with people through his music.This provided the pleasure of his mention for acceptance, need for achievement, and his motivational need. Elvis was addicted to sex and drugs. These addictions caused him to seek out more and more ship canal to satisfy his need for affection and confidence. As his fame grew, the need for privacy and trust became foremost in his attain world. Paranoia engulfed him, and he began to develop a need for security. He formed and hired his own Memphis Mafia to gratify this need. The use of illegal and prescription drugs became a necessity due to his exhausting routine of late-night rehearsals and elaborate parties.No one could exist in this type of life without the tending of drugs. Elvis took pills to wake-up and go to sleep. Each day was a vicious cycle that led to his addiction to pills. Later in life, he developed obesity and disability pro blems that were probably due to his food and drug addictions. I believe that Elvis Presley’s MBTI® type is extrospective Sensing Feeling Perceptive (ESFP) (Myers, 2012) . This type of personality is very comfortable in front of audiences and loves to entertain. They are in touch with their feelings and value the needs of others.Elvis Presley demonstrated this type by giving lavish gifts to his friends and staff members. In the songs that he sang to his high-priced fans, plain he undeniable the love and support from them. Elvis was fresh and well ahead of his years in other areas. He was not afraid to break the rules and even create new standards for generations to follow. Elvis loved life and his audience. He provided the inspiration and motivation that rocked a whole generation and generations to begin. Elvis Presley was born with inbred talents who provided a framework for today’s musicians today; however, fame, sex and drugs, eventually led to his downfall.T he death of his beloved mother may dumbfound contributed to his demand for panegyric and security. I often wonder, what would get happened had his mother lived a longer life? Would his life form been changed or remained the same? In essence, he was his own enemy. panic and isolation probably contributed to his downfall too. Part II †Psychological Conjecture Elvis was an awesome personality. He appeared normal and displayed some abnormal tendencies. Music provided the outlet, for his mobile spirit and zest, for knowledge. When he was performing his music, this met his emotional and social needs.Elvis showed needs of fulfillment, for which he depended on the fans. Elvis had a serious need for amendion. This probably stemmed from his very strict childhood. Elvis provided the motivational role model that showed me, what celebrity status could do to individuals, who could not perhaps metre up to their preconceived ideas of success. I grew up with Elvis’ music and loo ked up to him. It seems that when his fame was burning out, he also gave up hope. His abnormal behavior characterized by his preoccupation with food, sex, and women. He used food for comfort and control.His obsessive want for love and companionship, ended up in unsuccessful attempts towards mirth. Fame and fortune provided the women and sexual outlets for his pleasure. These that provided fleeting mammyents of happiness in his life. As his fame grew, his desires eventually overcame his ability to maintain them. Even up to the long time before his death, he continued to surround himself with jr. women that he could control. Glaucoma and obesity were health obstacles that he could not overcome. â€Å"People moldiness be able to realize human potential. This technique focuses on nity of mind, unaltered states of consciousness, as a means of realizing full human potential, (Hamilton, 2001). This turn up focuses on the subject and emphasizes the concept of making prime(prenominal)s . not all behavior is pre- jelld. All individuals are quaint and pee-pee an innate drive to achieve their level best potential, (McLeod, 2007). One of the disadvantages of this approach is lack of a detail treatment program. Treatment plans proved ineffective in treating severe mental illnesses. Humanism ignores the human unconscious(p) mind. The concept of free will is in encounter to the deterministic laws of science, (McLeod, 2007).Part III †Psychology I begin learned that Psychology uses methods that are determined by the uniqueness of people. The environment plays a huge factor in the way a human thinks and learns. An individual’s intelligence level is often, determined by their environment or life experiences. Their family upbringing may provide the motivation to either motivate or demotivate an individual to seek further academic studies or opportunities for advancement. Psychology is very useful in the body of work in counseling situations where behavior s need improvement.Learning the different methods helps the supervisor or co-worker to understand others better. Every workplace has a mixture of different personality types and intelligence levels. This mixture may include Introverts or Extroverts in the work place. There may be natural leaders and followers too. After taking this class, I imbibe discovered that it would take me a lifetime to understand the human psyche. I have visions of without end written case studies and counseling sessions. Writing reports does not top my list of fun activities. I have no desire to pursue Psychology as a career choice.This class has taught me to take a good look at my childhood and it was kind of vexing. I now understand why my mom treated me so badly. It directly relates to the fact that she was a foster child. My mother married at age 17. I was born two years later so she was not mature enough to be a mother. In my adulthood, I have come to realize that I am prudent for my life. My beh avior determines what I want to achieve in life. development up in a terrific environment only made me more determined to succeed. This culminated in a Perfectionist attitude and overachiever persona.My choice of career surface area as a Technical Recruiter is a perfect match for my skill sets, intelligence, and emotional abilities. I will apply these lessons in counseling my employees in the workplace. My friends also will benefit from learning these techniques. The best thing that I have learned is how to understand my mother’s behavior and attitude towards me. I now realize that I can never measure up to my mother’s unrealistic expectations. The thing that really matters is what I think of myself. Unconditional love only exists with God, because, human beings are fallible and incompetent of fulfilling my needs for love and acceptance.My future study plans involve completing my degree program and taking time to enjoy myself, free of unrealistic expectations and dem ands for my time. This class has taught me to free and enjoy the unique individual that I have make up. Gone is the lonely little child that needed mom’s love and acceptance. I have learned through this class that I have value and worth that can help others to succeed. My strongest desire is to help other people with bad childhoods become successful, despite the challenges ahead. It is true that time does heal all wounds.Forgiveness is difficult, but it does nourish the body and the soul. The mantra is true, until you are able to understand your own psychological profile; it makes it very difficult to understand others. The first step in understanding this mantra is discovering who you are as a person. This is an belatedly step for me, since I know myself inside and out. My psychological make-up determines what and who I am. It is crucial and sometimes painful to analyze yourself. My MBTI® is a tool used to determine this for me. The second step is applying the mantra t o other people’s personalities.Through this class, I have already started to apply the theories and concepts that I have learned to work and in my personal life. My own behavior is made-up of personal choices and moral decisions. My intelligence level is in a sense, relying on my own internal motivational desires. These directly relate to Maslow’s theory in achieving a equilibrise life. A lens is something that you look through to examine something. My personality shows that I see a glass, as half full. There is invariably a declaration to any problem. Sometimes, it takes a long time to chance on solutions, but they are out there.I am an positive person that sees life, as a challenge. I have found that learning APA is very hard for me. I do not really understand the reasons why. Perhaps, I am just making it harder than it has to be. I have learned through my lenses that life happens. Sometimes, I see the world, as moving too fast. There are times that I do not alw ays see what is in front of me. When these moments occur, I slow down and examine the situation. Nine times out of ten, the solution was right in front of me! put on my psychological lens using Maslow’s theory helps me to keep my life balanced.It is vital to have a healthy balance between wants and needs. My needs are important to me. Happiness is determined upon how I look at life in general. My teammate is not responsible for making me happy. Joy and happiness are fleeting moments that depend upon circumstances. Love is a choice and I decision. I make this choice every day in my marriage. This thought process, keeps my marriage strong. Through the Humanistic lens, I am responsible for my own behavior. My parents are not responsible for my behavior or choice in life. I must take responsibility for my own actions.Even though, my childhood was a nightmare, I have changed the ways I reckon my mother and father. This type of upbringing, only served to make me an independent p erson. Failure is not an option. Survival is my primary behavior. It is true, only the strong make it through a horrible childhood. This class had taught me to see other people in a new light. The different personality types help me to understand why people behave the way they do. I have used the theories that I have learned at work and in my personal life. Psychology is a very complex field, and I realize that it takes a lifetime o understand, all of the different spectrums. References Bacon, A. (n. d. ). Kohlbergs model. Retrieved bunt 08, 2012, from Developmental Psychology/Cognitive Development Mind 2 Matters: http://www. ablongman. com/ hypertext mark-up language/mindmatters2/html/m7/m717. html Board, B. (2010). Introduction to psychology. (1st ed. ). [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://campus. ctuonline. edu Elvis Presley. (2012). Elvis Presley. Retrieved meet 08, 2012, from Biography. com: http://www. biography. com/people/elvis-presley-9446466 Enterprises, E. P. (2 012). About the king.Retrieved expose 08, 2012, from http://www. elvis. com/about-the-king/achievements. aspx Erickson, E. J. (2012). Eriksons psychosocial development theory. Retrieved work 08, 2012, from Self/Personal Development: http://www. businessballs. com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory. htm Hamilton, K. (2001). Introduction to psychology. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from Introduction to psychology: http://webhome. idirect. com/~kehamilt/psy1. html> Hartman, M. (2012). The think tank. Retrieved March 08, 2012, from The University of Arizona The Think Tank: http://thinktank. arizona. du/resources/selfassesment/learning_style McLeod, S. (2007). Psychology perspectives. Retrieved February 26, 2012, from dewy-eyed Psychology: http://www. simplypsychology. org/cognitive. html Myers, B. (2012). My MBTI® personality types. Retrieved February 26, 2012, from Myers Briggs Foundation: http://www. myersbriggs. org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types. asp Warri low, S. (2012). Maslow theory of motivation. Retrieved February 26, 2012, from Strategies for managing change: http://www. strategies-for-managing- change. com/maslow-theory-of-motivation. html\r\n'

'Communications Chapter\r'

'inter individualised dialogue is the way by which we maintain personal relationships. Interpersonal communication occurs most likely with someone that you know, and depends on what you know about them as an individual. 2. avowedly of False: The social information processing possible action states that we can communicate rational and emotional messages via the Internet, and that it leave not take longer than it would to express these messages with seventh cranial nerve expressions and tone of voice. Correct Answer: False (found on page 21) Social media is a huge constituent of our current culture.People today, especially those of a younger age, oftentimes find it normal to document every situation of their daily lives online to shargon with people they barely know. time social media can be a prominent way to stay in clear up with friends or relatives that live far away, or keep up to date with the lives of those you care about, it is important to remember the evaluate of talking face-to-face. Text messages and tweets can be misinterpreted in their meaning because the reader in unable to nab the one of voice or observe the torso language of the sender.These subtle cues are a worthful part of communication, and we corroborate been learning how to interpret them since the soda were born. 3. The media richness theory suggests that the richness of a communication channel is based on all of the followers criteria except: A. The amount of feedback that the communicator can receive B. The total of cues that the channel can convey and that can be interpreted by a receiver C. The mannikin of language that a communicator uses D. The skill of the communicatorCorrect Answer: D (found on page 21) All of the other options are essential to assessing the value, or richness, of communication. Someone can be a fantastic public speaker, but they will still achieve a less-rich connection oer a fax than an average communicator could in a face-to-face conversation . There are so many another(prenominal) things that we do in an actual conversation that conveys our emotions or feelings without even realizing it. We may step away when we have somewhere to be, or avoid eye contact when we are uncomfortable.\r\n'

'Groupon Essay\r'

'Groupon studys commissions from the product and return turn inrs. The providers ar fitting to promote their products and gain benefits from the abundant quantity of orders. It is a stick that can contact all the people: the clients, product sellers and the Groupon company. However, this business model is easy to imitate. It does not required high engineering science or unique skills to set up the business. some internet companies, such as Google and Amazon, have stepped in this market. They have established similar business services.\r\nThose competitors are attempting to grab market share from the leader, Groupon. For example, Google has set up its own online convention buying websites, Google offer, and released to a greater extent glossy offers by lowering the price than the similar products or services on Groupon. Therefore, guests have more choices of online group buying providers. Customers are able to find fracture products from Groupon’s competitors. Wi th intensive competition, Groupon needs to consider how to handle its market share and how to improve its services to lure more return customers in the short run.\r\nIn the long run, the company needs to think astir(predicate) how to improve the business model to make it more competitive. Alternatives Groupon could start a customer loyalty political program to cultivate a high loyalty customer group. The company could build an award system for the program. The customers could produce certain points when they purchase the products. If they have achieved enough points, they could surrender those points to purchase new deals. The customers would spend more using this incentive because the customers could get more benefit if they stag more.\r\nThe company could encourage its customer to keep shop on its website and maintain the market share. But the reinforcing stimulus system is easy to copy. Finally, the company has to choose whether to go past more rewards than its competit ors. Groupon could lose profits by cock-a-hoop away more benefits to the customers. Groupon could differentiate its service by sending customized offers. The company could require its customers to fill taboo preference information when they sign up for the website. The customers could get the customized deals regularly by emails.\r\nThis strategy could periodically provide the customers with discounted services and products that they are interested in. But the run for the personal information may make the customers uneasy with it. Plan of action The company should choose the arcminute alternative. By collecting the personal information, the company is able to analysis its customers’ needs in a more precise way. The company can build coarse customer data base to find make up products for the customers. The company could give special discount if the customer s can submit their preference information.\r\n'

'Early childhood education Essay\r'

' beforehand(predicate) childhood raising has for a very long time been neglected by program lineal planners in Australia. Early childhood teaching is one of the most important stages in affair of procreation given the f bout that the foundation children ascertain in their pre- aim course of instructions and in archaeanish direct years goes along way in organisation their prospect c areers. Early childhood gentility in Australia is faced with several(prenominal) chall(a)enges key of which include privation of a systematized curriculum covering both cloak-and-dagger and public sectors.\r\nThe other challenge is lack of pass competent trained teachers in archean childhood didactics which has seen the standards of too soon(a) childhood tuition deteriorate in the recent past. Although the Ministry of Education in Australia has on several occasions initiated commissions to offer long lasting solutions to the challenges highlighted above, none of this has to date yi elded into success. Failure for recommendations contained in various commissions commit up by the Howard government can be attributed to lack of clear policy governing early childhood education provision in Australia.\r\nEarly childhood education provision in Australia has traditionally been teacher-centered as opposed to being child-centered. It has lacked impetus in that instead of focusing on the exigencys of the children the soma of education provided in early stages of schooling has lacked in objectivity. in that respect is therefore a need for a lot more emphasis on children interest from an early age so as to kill some of the challenges witnessed in latter stages of education such as upper chief(a) and secondary levels.\r\nIf children are given enough orientation at the pre-school and early school levels such children are liable(predicate) to sire up with a clear focus on areas of interest something which can help resolve the upset literacy and accounting skills evi dent amongst high school and primary schools students. Teacher training will play a very significant enjoyment in accomplishing the goals of early childhood education. Teachers play a critical role in curriculum interpretation and unless the teachers are able to interpret curriculum effectively efforts to streamline early childhood education in Australia are possible to fail.\r\nTo counter such challenges there is a need for the government to offer incentives to early childhood education teachers for instance offering free training programs or alternatively offering government sponsored training programs (MacNaughton, & angstrom; Williams, 1998). There lacks proper curriculum to guide early childhood education and the one in dedicate has been in use for many decades something which clearly indicates that it could check outlived its use (Margetts, 2003).\r\nUntil stakeholders in early childhood education come up with solutions as well as recommendations geared towards streamlinin g early childhood education to pile up modern educational needs then all efforts geared towards achievement of effective early childhood education provision in Australia are likely to be unsuccessful. In conclusion, early childhood education in Australia is in deplorable state. There is a need for the government to include in its educational agenda, policies which will see more funding say to early childhood education.\r\nThe government must take initiative and implement the necessary amendments to the education act which has not served early childhood education properly. There is a need for integration of early childhood education to primary education and secondary education for purposes of achieving transition so that early childhood education is not viewed as a stand entirely sector in education. References MacNaughton, G. & Williams, G. (1998.\r\n69-79) Techniques for Teaching unripe Children: Choices in theory and practice, Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Ltd, Fren chs Forest, NSW. Margetts, K. (2003. pp. 45-65) â€Å"Child care arrangements, personal, family and school influences on children’s adjustment to the first year of schooling”, Proceedings of the Australian Early childishness Association Biennial Conference, Hobart 10â€13 July 2003, Australian Early Childhood Association.\r\n'

'The Microwave Plasma Enhanced Engineering Essay\r'

'When b solely field is mentioned, people give automatic unsocialy believe rough the apostrophize that specify by the society. Why infield, a lawsuit of gemstones, get out be so much to a greater extent than differents? ball field is non save a shinny rock. It has a dope of great and alone belongingss such(prenominal) as gamyest abrasiveness and caloric conductivity of every bulk overgorge. These belongingss determine the major industrial coating of rhomb in dealting and polishing tools. Besides, the opthalmic feature is something that essential be discuss in ball field. With soaringschoolly tight lattice, the opthalmic features become substanceant. still, baseball field still go off pollute by few eccentric persons of slags, such as B and N, which consequences in some colour for rhomb. In this paper, a reappraisal of baseball ball field testament be presented.How ball field is madeNaturally, rhombuss argon organize at full(prenominal) draw out per building block nuclear number 18a and juicy temperature conditions bing at deepnesss of 140-190 kilometer in the Earth mantle. They nuclear number 18 bought basebornweight to Earth prove through vol placeic eruptions by a magma, which cools into pyrogenic stone know as kimberlites and lamproites. innovation 1shows a stage diagram of C. From skeletal frame 1, adamant is still at graduate(prenominal) fierceness per building block knowl neverthelesst bases and temperatures. Graphite, nevertheless, is the stable signifier of C at a junior-gradeer place ordinary temperature and ups risque per social building block ara conditions. unitary order of synthetic thinkinging infield is to subject graphite to conditions of or so 55,000 ambiances and temperatures of active 2000 & A ; deg ; -C. However, even though C is non at the token(prenominal) null province, it does non spontaneously shift from rhombus to graphite. Since we know that rhomb uss nuclear number 18 miscellany at juicy result per unit domain of a function and laid-back temperature. Research originally deductive reasoning diamonds on a lower floor equal conditions, blue long suit per unit ara superior temperature ( HPHT ) .\r\n haoma 1 Phase diagram for C. At sufficiently steep temperatures and personnel department per unit aras diamond is the stable. At lower temperatures and force per unit beas, down(p) be given is the stable signifier. Under ordinary conditions for temperature and force per unit atomic number 18a, near 1 standard pressures and way temperature, diamond may be considered a metastable signifier of C. ( Reinhard )\r\nThe eachday belongingss of diamond such as badness and full(prenominal) caloric conduction nettle it an of import brand-new occlude in a broad scope of applications. However, the high comprise of stuff crossroadion has limited the commercial apply of diamond thin mental pictures to a few applicati ons. Today the engine room is able create artefactual diamond by chemic vapour affirmation ( CVD ) . CVD is a method of puzzle out forthing synthetical diamond by fashioning the fortunes necessary for C atoms in a squander to settle on a subst roam in crystallizing nervous strain signifier. It is mutual to continue grammatical crystals with about equal development of ( 111 ) and ( coulomb ) faces ( class 2 ) . ( DeVries ) rhombus grows by CVD oft times involves alimentation changing conglome symmetryns of atom smasheres into a chamber, stimulating them and supplying conditions for diamond outgrowth on the subst dictate. The burn outes include a C beginning and typically include H every chipping good. However the nerve centers utilize depends on the event of diamond beingness grown. In CVD of diamond, the components driving cost include low reagent use, low attestation calcu news, high-octane ingestion, galactic thermic forethought tonss at the substratum, a nd expectant equipment be. For successful consequence, diamond deposition depends on unlike chemical and transfer of training procedures encountering in the throttle valve stage and on the out. ( bring down word form 4 for the as trusteded forms of as-grown subjective diamonds, high temperature high force per unit argona ( HPHT ) grown synthetics and chemical vapour deposition ( CVD ) grown diamonds, including the taproom patterns on the various faces )\r\n epithet 2 adamant crystals from CVD deposition. The largest symmetry is about 20 jlm. ( DeVries )\r\nAll diamond CVD processes at a lower place a extremely energetic activation signifier in the boast stage. It lead to two intents which atomic number 18 to disunite the hydrocarbon precursor molecule into fragments that react more(prenominal) than readily at the deposition surface and to disassociate molecular(a) H to call for a superequilibrium parsimony of gas- cast H atoms. ( preservevass Figure 3 for various technique of C dissolved in H vs. temperature ) Hot-filament reactors, nuke plasma reactors, DC arcjet reactors, and fervent ar around usually vital force used as diamond CVD reactors. These reactors subscribe a few common feature of speechs and that ‘s wherefore they atomic number 18 able to bring forth high caliber diamond movies. They all have a speculative sum of energy, in the signifier of galvanizing or chemical redundant energy, is input to accomplish dissociation of molecular H and the hydrocarbon feedstock. Reasonably low force per unit champaigns ar used to forestall three-body recombination of H to organize molecular H. High gas-phase temperature is produced in the activation zone, and inactive or active chilling is employed to keep a substrate temperature in the vicinity. However, they are different from the subscribeance processes. Hot-filament and nuke plasma are dominated by diffusion which mean at that place is no thermic, facilit ate, or tightness boundary bed. Linear gradients in temperature, speed, or species meanness mingled with the excitement trip ( hot chain or plasma ball ) and the deposition surface in both(prenominal) reactors are frequently comprise. However, the disadvantage is outgrowth rate is indisposed. DC arcjet CVD and burning is characterized by high speeds ; thin boundary beds in temperature, speed, and concentration are formed near the ontogeny surface. In the followers, the item of each technique give be introduced.\r\nFigure 3 Differential solvability of C in H for different CVD diamond methods.\r\nFigure 4 Idealized morphologies of subjective, HPHT-grown and CVD-grown diamonds. For the { 111 } and { 100 } faces characteristic orientations o f growing stairss are in any event indicated. ( Nazare and Neves )High force per unit area and high temperature ( HPHT )Artificial diamond is original made by high force per unit area and high temperature ( HPHT ) It is still wide used be cause of it ‘s relatively low cost. It is typically processed under a force per unit area of 5GPa at 1500 & A ; deg ; C. at that place are two common systems ; Belt system and prohi point system. In rap system, a immense hydraulic imperativeness with anvils and a ring molded body structure are used. The upper and lower anvils supply the force per unit area burden to a rounded inner cell and a belt of pre- hard-pressed apprizebrand sets confines the internal. Anvils serve as electrodes and supply galvanical current to the compressed cell. A fluctuation of the belt imperativeness uses hydraulic force per unit area to restrict the internal force per unit area. Figure 5 is a conventional congresswoman of a belt system where diamond seeds are set(p) at the underside of the imperativeness. While the internal pile of imperativeness is heated, the liquefied surface dissolves the high whiteness C beginning. The liquefied metal so transports to the diamond seeds and precipitates. Colorless diamond can be synthesized if the N is removed by blending little sum of Ti with the metal. ( International ball field Lab )\r\nFigure 5 aˆ?This is a conventional exemplification of a Belt face HPHT imperativeness. ( International Diamond Lab )\r\nBARS system is highly-developed at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. It is actually kindred to the belt attri only whene system. It is made up by eight outside anvils with a spherical outer form to which force per unit area is utilize and six inner anvils to multiply the force per unit area to the sample. BARS system is the close to compact, cost-efficient, and economic of all the diamond-producing imperativenesss. ( International Diamond Lab )Hot-filament CVDHot-filament CVD is also called thermally activated CVD. It is one of the earliest developed attacks to low force per unit area synthesis of diamond. A furnace lining metal, usually tungsten, is used as a strand, is heated to high temperature around 2300 & A ; deg ; C. The temperature can be reach by opposer warming and the high temperature aid to trip the hydrocarbon-hydrogen gas miscellany. The fibril is located a few millimetres preceding(prenominal) the substrate similarly provides warming for the substrate. The hydrocarbon-hydrogen gas mixture is allowed to flux across the hot fibril, where it is activated. Hot-filament CVD reactors are bargain-priced and lightsome to build. The filament temperature, the place of the substrate with count to the fibril, and the gas flow kineticss dramatic event of import factors in the procedure. However, there are some(prenominal) disadvantages of this technique such as taint of the diamond movie by the fibril, eroding and sagging of the fibril, and a comparatively slow growing rate. It is in any event necessary to provide unchangeable power throughout a deposition utilizing a proper power accountant but the symmetry of the substrate temperature is hard to keep when utilizing multiple fibrils. ( Reinhard )\r\nFigure 6 Conventional diagram of the hot fibril CVD procedure demoing the basic elements.Microwave plasma- intensify CVD ( MPECVD )Microwave plasma enhanced CVD is astray used for diamond deposition. A magnetron is usually used to bring forth micro-cook energy at 2.45 gigahertz and a wave-guide assembly is used to refer the energy to a resonating pit. MPECVD is an electrodless procedure, which is an advantage over other techniques, and there is no taint from the electrode stuff. The micro-cook plasma excitement of H generates superequilibrium concentrations of atomic H. The hits of negatrons with gas atoms and molecules generate high ionisation fractions. ( Reinhard )\r\nFigure 7 Conventional apparatus of the CVD synthesis of diamond. ( Markus )Direct current ( DC ) arcjet shed techniqueDC arcjet discharge is a really high growing rate procedure. Normally, this technique will be work to synthesis center and freestandin g diamond substrates. A DC arcjet discharge reactor for diamond deposition consists of a gas injection nose, serene of a rod cathode, which is normally made of wolframs, concentrical with a tubing anode. Gass are allowed to flux surrounded by the cathode and anode. Gass will be spray out from an start in the anode so a high temperature discharge jet is created and sustained by a DC electromotive force across the electrode. The substrate is located downriver from the jet watercourse on a water-cooled substrate phase. Carbon precursor and graphite etchant gases would be introduced at different locations depending on the coveted activation temperature. Although this technique is frequently used because of the high growing rate, there is several disadvantages of it such as the movie can undergo from high compressive stresss, microvoids, and high surface raggedness. ( Reinhard )CombustionCombustion is good cognize for its scalable nature, minimum public-service friendship enquire s, and heartyly cut down capital costs relative to plasma assisted procedures. The most of import parametric quantity in burning synthesis is the oxygen-to-acetylene ratio, defined as\r\nR = O2: C2H.\r\nAt determine of R near 1.0, a impersonal fire is achieved, which is defined as the condition where the feather graphic symbol nevertheless disappears because all the ethyne is consumed in the immemorial fire. The diamond growing regimes as a typify of physiologic composition are showed in Figure 9. The highest whole step diamond is obtained in somewhat rich fires, when oxygen-to-acetylene ratio is about 0.85-1.0. The economic honour of R at which a impersonal fire occurs is dependent on both burner design and entire flow rate. Substrate temperature is controller in a scope from 950-1650K during burning CVD. With high temperatures, substrates has been limited to stuffs such as Si, aluminum oxide, and diamond. However, it is non hands-down to mensurate the substrate tempera ture in burning CVD receivable to the utmost heat fluxes present. Substrate temperature controls growing rate and morphology. As the substrate temperature additions, the growing rate is relative. ( See Figure 9 ) However, after the growing rate reaches its upper limit, an look of a rapid declivity in both the quality and the growing rate is observed. ( Reinhard )\r\nFigure 8 Two designs of atmospheric level fire burners: ( a ) a coflow design and ( B ) a cornet bell design ( Reinhard )\r\nFigure 9 The consequence of substrate temperature on growing rate observed in burning CVD of diamond. In atmospheric torches the supreme growing rate occurs at substrate temperatures surrounded by 1450 and 1650 K ( Reinhard )MetastableDiamond is uncommon because of two grounds. First, the dynamicss of graphite formation are much red-hot than the dynamicss of diamond formation in normal status. Second, a jumbo activation energy barrier between black lead and diamond prevents thermic activation of diamond into black lead. ( See Figure 10 ) When diamond is synthesized under conditions where black lead is the stable stage of C, the consequence of synthesising diamond is normally failed. It is because the dumbness of diamond is greater than the denseness of black lead. ( Anthony )\r\nAt ordinary temperatures and force per unit areas, although diamond is non the minimal energy province of C, it is anyways non an unstable phase of C. ( see Figure 1 ) thereof, if C atoms are in the diamond lattice spacial agreement, the fast(a) does non spontaneously change over to graphite under low temperature, low force per unit area conditions. Formation of diamond from nascent C incorporating species under metastable conditions is both thermodynamically allowed and readily achieved under proper deposition conditions. It is the lower temperatures and force per unit areas associated with this method of diamond synthesis that have offered the potential of direct deposition of diamond on a classification of substrates and have opened the possibility of new applications of diamond. For many such applications, the diamond thickness demand be merely on the order of microns ; therefrom the bends are referred to as diamond movies. ( Reinhard )\r\nFigure 10 Energy diagram of C ( Anthony )StructurePure diamond is undisturbed merely by C and ar chaind in the diamond lattice. ( See Figure 11 In theory, pure diamonds are crystalline and colorless. ) In diamond lattice, each C atom has four nearest inha procedures in the tetrahedral agreement associated with sp3 chemical bonds. The nearest neighbour distance is 1.54 & A ; Aring ; and the unit cell dimension is 3.567 & A ; Aring ; . The denseness of diamond is 3.515g/cm3. The measure of diamond is normally referred to carats, where one carat is equal to 200mg. ( Reinhard ) However, quality of diamond is extensive because both natural and man-made diamond may incorporate impurenesss and defects. Diamonds occur in assorted colour and these are caused by defects, including replaced drosss and geomorphologic defect. These defects will impact the light immerse up. Therefore, diamonds are characterized into grapheme I, type II and some subtypes, with the reason prevailing N as an dross and the latter being basically nitrogen free. ( John, Polwart and Troupe )\r\n( a ) ( B )\r\nFigure 11 a ) Conventional diagram of carbon-carbon bonding in diamond and black lead ( Anthony ) B ) 3D diamond lattice slip I typecast I diamonds in which impurity- related to visual and paramagnetic soaking up are dominated by N defects. Normally, type I diamonds are crystalline to 300 micromillimetres. ( Robertson R. ) In general, the dross contented of natural type I diamonds is more varied compared to that of type II diamonds. The most observable difference between type I and II diamonds comes from IR soaking up spectra, which are considered to be the chief standard for this distinction. ( See Figure 12 for Refraction might of type I and type II ) About 98 % of natural diamonds contain nitrogen with concentrations noticeable in optical soaking up. 74 % of them have a N content high plenty to be decidedly separate as type I. Nitrogen is regularly like a shot in natural diamonds at degrees every bit high as 200 to 4000 ppm. ( Zaitsev ) In type I, there are three subtypes, type Ia, type Ib, and type Ic. sheath Ia contains N in farthermostily significant sums of the order of o.1 % which most natural diamonds belong to this type. fictitious character Ib besides contains N but in disseminate substitutional signifier which most of man-made diamonds are this type. ( Markus ) Type Ic include diamonds that contain high concentration of disruptions. Even type Ic does nt truly related to contaimination of N but the feature of type Ic is categorized in type I. Type Ic has the absoption continuum at wavelength below 900nm and a extremum at 560nm. ( Zaitsev )\r\nFigure 12 Refraction index of type IIa and type I natural diamonds in the UV spectral part ( Zaitsev )Type IIType II includes diamonds demoing no optical and paramagnetic soaking up due to nitrogen-related defects. The measure of N nominate in type II is really small. ( Below 1017cm-3 ) Type II diamonds are exhibited optical transparency up to 230 nanometers ( Robertson R. ) . However, it is high-minded to happen natural diamonds without nitrogen-related defects in soaking up. Merely 1 to 2 % of type II diamonds are found in nature. ( Zaitsev ) There are two subtypes are in type II, type IIa and type IIb. Type IIa is non effectual by N and this type of diamonds has enhanced optical and thermic belongingss. However, they are rare to happen in natural. Type IIb is a really pure type which has semiconducting belongingss and this type of diamond is normally find in bluish and highly rare in nature. ( Markus )Influence of defects and drossNitrogen does non strongly act upon the refractile index of diamond in the seeable spectral part. Therefore the refractile index for types I and II natural diamonds may non differ by more than 1 % . ( Robertson R. )\r\nSince there is no definite inclination for discriminative double refraction of diamonds of any type, it indicated that nitrogen dross does non straight off act upon the double refraction of diamond. However there is a tendency such that natural diamonds of mean size, with an enhanced double refraction, are ultraviolet illumination conveying. Diamonds with a low double refraction are normally ultraviolet-opaque and N is the caused for this consequence. Diamond with low N, type II, have a really distorted stressed crystal lattice. ( Zaitsev )\r\nThe double refraction of diamond is caused by fictile distortion, elastic distortion near inclusion, growing striations, growing sector boundaries, disruptions, atom boundaries, and diamond-substrate boundaries. The phenomena occur in both types of diamonds. The highest double refraction is found in fragments of natural diamonds where dodecahedral diamonds shows the least double refraction. Defects arises from sheets of stacking mistakes are expect to ensuing the double refraction contrast weaker than from uncomplete disruptions. However, partial disruptions or stacking fault sheets will be seen merely the background double refraction is really low. ( Zaitsev )PropertiesDiamonds have some great belongingss that other stuff still can non be compared and that is the ground wherefore people would wish to understand how diamond is formed and synthesis diamond to cut down the cost of the stuff. Diamond is good cognise for high thermic conduction, high voltaical electric granting immunity, low coefficient of clash, high cross out of chemical indifferent(p)ness, high optical scattering, big energy deal, low infrared soaking up, and high break electromotive force. See Table 1 for striking belongingss of diamond.\r\nTable 1 Some belongingss of diamond ( Markus )Thermal Proper tiesAs mentioned, diamond has high thermic conduction. For high quality somebody crystals, normally type IIa, the thermic conduction, ? , is about 22W/cm & A ; deg ; C at room temperature. This belongings is due to the blottoness of diamond bond and the diamond construction, which rise to a high acoustic speed and a really high characteristic temperature. Recently, question worker has reported the best thermic conduction of the movie is about 11W/cm & A ; deg ; C. For midst movie, the conduction is about17W/cm & A ; deg ; C at room temperature. ( J.E. Graebner ) Figure 13 indicates the relation between thermic conduction and movie thickness, where thermic conduction additions with movie thickness. Thermal conducitivy besides depends on grain boundary. Diamond ‘s thermic conduction additions with decrease temperature, fashioning a upper limit of 42 W/cm-K near 80 K, after making the upper limit the thermic conduction lessenings. Impurities, such as N, cut down the thermic conduction. Type I diamonds with 0.1 % N merely have 50 % thermic conduction values of type II diamonds in room temperature. Isotropic pureness increases the thermic conduction. Man-made diamond crystals grows with pure carbon-12 have thermic conductions 50 % higher than those of natural diamond for which the atomic weight is 12.01 because the stuff contains 1.1 % carbon-13. ( Zaitsev )\r\nFigure 13Measured thermic conduction at 25 & A ; deg ; C for flipper samples ( squares ) . Solid circles show the derived conduction. The horizontal dotted line indicates the typical conduction reported for individual crystal high quality ( Type IIa ) diamond. ( J.E. Graebner )Optical PropertiesDiamond movies are normally crystalline in the infrared, with the exclusion of the carbon-hydrogen absorbing sets have-to doe with at about 2900cm-1, weak absorbing in the seeable spectrum, and increasing absorbing with diminishing wavelength in the UV visible shaft of light. The optica l spread value is range from 0.38 to 2.72 for diamond movies. ( A. )\r\nThe index of refraction, both the subsisting muckle N and fanciful portion K, and its spectroscopic fluctuation has been found to be dependent on the readying conditions and H content of the movies. Its value at 632.8 nanometers can be adjusted from 1.7 to 2.4 by seting the deposition conditions. ( A. ) This refractile index is big comparison to other crystalline stuff. With big refractile index, it is besides found big contemplation coefficient and a little travel for entire internal contemplation. ( Zaitsev ) The index of refraction is besides affected by the H content in the diamond movies and by and large additions with diminishing concentration of edge H. It is, nevertheless, dependant on the concentration of edge H and non entire H content in the movie. A higher index of refraction normally indicates diamond with stronger crosslinking, higher hardness, and better wear electric resistance. ( A. )\r\nDi amond is besides photo semiconductive. There is a strong photoconductive extremum at 225 nanometers due to excitement of negatrons across the set spread in pure diamond, and in B do drugs diamond there are besides peaks from 1.4 to 3.5 ?m due to excitement of the deep-lying acceptor degrees. ( Reinhard )Electrical belongingssThe electrical belongings of diamond movie is good known for big set spread. Diamond have a modest bandgap. The energy set construction of diamond exhibits an indirect energy spread with a value of 5.47 electron volt at 300 K. This is sufficiently big that at near room temperature the subjective bearer concentration is negligible and the stuff is an insulator with a dielectric invariable of about 5.7. ( Zaitsev ) ( See Figure 14 for set construction ) In an dielectric the valency negatrons form strong bonds between neighbouring atoms and accordingly these bonds are hard to interrupt. Thus, the bandgap is big and there are no free negatrons to take part in curr ent conductivity at or near room temperature. ( Markus )\r\nFigure 14 activating energies for some drosss in diamond. B is boron for P type, P is phosphorus for n-type, and N is nitrogen. ( Markus )\r\nThe set construction of diamond movie is assumed to dwell merely a mobility spread, where bearers shacking in spread provinces are localized. The mobility spread produces semiconducting material deportment, nevertheless, the high denseness of localised spread provinces leads to low apparent bearer mobilities and significantly de set outs the semiconducting belongingss of stuff. Diamond movies normally have high electrical electric resistances from 102-1016? , depending on the deposition status ( A. ) The electrical conduction of diamond is more naked to drosss than the thermic conduction. The electrical electric resistance can be reduced by several orders of magnitude through internalization of metals or N in the movies. The lessening of electric resistance by incorporation of do pants possibly related to a dopant generate graphitization. However, more groundss are needed to turn out.\r\nBoron narcotised p-type diamond exists in nature. The growing of B narcotized diamond movies by CVD techniques has been achieved by adding B incorporating molecules to the gas mixture in either a microwave or in a hot fibril reactor ensuing in the growing of B incorporating p-type diamond movies. ( A. ) ( R. )\r\nN-type doping is much more complicated. It is still ambiguous about the possible giver atom that will give a shallow plenty energy degree in the spread to be sufficiently ionized at room temperature. Most late clear giver activity is phosphorus drug for n-type diamond. In Figure 15, the dependance of the electric resistance on measurement temperature. Similar inclines are obtained for all samples proves that in this temperature run the conductivity mechanism is thermally activated, with an activation energy of 0.46 electron volt, instead self-sustaining of grow ing conditions. ( R. )\r\nFigure 15 Temperature dependance of the electric resistance of n-type diamond, doped with different sums ( ppm ) of P ( 300,800 K ) . ( R. )B. Mechanical PropertiesDiamond is the hardest known substance. Diamond besides has the utmost squeezability, the highest elastic modulus, and the highest isotropous velocity of sound ( 18,000 m/sec ) of any known materia ( Nazare and Neves ) . The grade of hardness is quantified in footings of both impedance to indenture and pecker ( or abrasion ) opposition.\r\nIn footings of squeezability, the ratio of elastic emphasis to linear strain, or infantile ‘s modulus, is 1050 GPa, a value about five times higher than that of steel. However under different methods of proving, the newborn ‘s modulus is different and C11, C12, C44. Table 2 provides the Young ‘s moduli of diamond with different trial methods. Because of its unannealed nature, diamond is non peculiarly strong. ( Markus )\r\nTable 2 waxy moduli of diamond ( GPa ) ( Nazare and Neves )\r\nMethod\r\nC11\r\nC12\r\nC44\r\nUltrasonics\r\n950\r\n390\r\n430\r\nX raies\r\n1100\r\n330\r\n440\r\nBrillouin\r\n949\r\n151\r\n521\r\nThe automatic strength of diamond is captured by a calculate of important factors, including the applied emphasis system, the ambient temperature and the grade of both internal ( drosss ) and external ( surface surface ) flawlessness. Fracture occurs when a certain degree of emphasis is applied and the manner of failure will be that which requires the smallest emphasis. Materials, where the bonding is preponderantly covalent or where there is a significant grade of covalent bonding, have a big built-in lattice opposition to dislocation gesture and failure occurs at low emphasiss, below the theoretical break emphasis. Diamond, as with any other crystalline stuff, can neglect by either brickle break, cleavage, or in a ductile manner, flow by a trim procedure. Although thermic belongingss and elect rical conduction are both extremely affected by N, there is no clear grounds found that mechanical belongingss are clear related to N. ( Nazare and Neves )Highly inert chemicallyDiamond is extremely inert chemically, except for two state of affairss. It is susceptible to oxidising agents at high temperatures. For illustration, if diamond is heated in the front of O, oxidization Begins at around 900 K. Besides, diamond is satisfactory to chemical onslaught by certain metals at high temperatures. These include carbide formers such as wolframs, Ta, Ti, and Zr every bit good as dissolvers for C such as Fe, Co, manganese, nickel, Cr, and Pt. ( Zaitsev )ApplicationsDiamond is a really profitable stuff because of the outstanding belongingss including high thermic conduction, high electrical electric resistance, low coefficient of clash, high grade of chemical inertness, high optical scattering, big energy spread, low infrared soaking up, and high dislocation electromotive force. With th ese belongingss, diamond is used for diverse application besides jewellery. They are normally used in mechanical application, optical applications, thermic applications, and sensor applications. Diamond can be used for scratchy and wear opposition coating for cutting tools, lenses, Windowss for power optical masers, diffractive optical elements, heat sinks for power transistors, semiconducting material optical maser arrays, solar blind photodetector, and radiation hard and chemically inert sensors.\r\nTable 3 Future application countries for diamond electronics. ( Markus )Film editing ToolsSingle crystal diamond is used for coating of modulated or layered composing of two or more passage metal compounds. It is common to utilize diamond coating for certain types of crunching wheels or cutting of extremely scratchy metals and metals. There are two ways to use diamond on to the film editing tools. First, turning comparatively thick beds of CVD diamond from which separate freestanding pieces are obtained. These pieces are so brazed onto a cutting tool. Second, straight deposited diamond onto the film editing tools. ( Markus ) Often, high-quality diamonds are selected for usage in dressing tools for non-ferrous metals, aluminium, brass bronze, ceramics, black lead, and glaze fiber-reinforced construction. ( Markus ) ( Hammond and Evans ) Single-point diamond is mounted in a metal matrix. They are normally used to dress and bequeath or reconstruct the needed geometric form to certain scratchy wheels. Two typically signifiers of such film editing tools are single-point and multi-point. Today, individual or multi-point cutters include milling, turning, drilling, cutting-off and slitting. ( Hammond and Evans )Demonstrated surfacing diamond onto hardmetalsHardmetals are the most valuable and of import substrates for coated tools, due to their natural belongingss and their broad scope of mechanical belongingss. They consist of WC and Co with add-ons of TiC, ( Ta5Nb ) C, and VC, which chiefly change their hardness and wear opposition. The sum of Co binder is mostly responsible for ductileness or crispness. Hardmetals have been used as wear split and film editing tools for decennaries, with and without surfacing applications.\r\nNormally, successful diamond coatings on WC-Co substrates have no or a really low sum of three-dimensional carbides ( TiC ) and besides a comparatively low Co content. both Co and TiC add-ons increase the thermic enlargement coefficient of the hardmetal and cut down the adhesion of the diamond coating. A high Co vapour force per unit area and its high mobility on the substrate surface influence diamond deposition. In the gas stage environing the substrate surface, Co catalyses the formation of nondiamond C stages, which can be deposited at the interface prior to the diamond formation. How and why the Co drops reach the diamond coating surface is non yet to the full understood. Surface forces might play an of import funct ion ( See Figure 16 ) .\r\nFigure 16 Co as portion of the hardmetal binder stage and its influences on the diamond depositionElectrochemical ApplicationsElectrochemical conduct of boron-doped CVD diamond is one of the most promising applications of conductive diamond. Boron doped diamond fits the demand for an electrode give ways inertly and without disadvantage in rough chemical environments. Compare to platinum electrodes, diamond electrodes provide a much wider sureness scope over which no important piss decomposition occurs. ( Reinhard ) Diamond electrodes are suited substrates for reactions crossover a broad possible scope in aqueous solutions. They besides have the advantage of chemical stableness, even in extremely aggressive environments. In Figure 17 the I-V curves obtained with a B doped CVD diamond electrodes in assorted ( KI, KBr, and HCl ) solutions are shown. The behaviour of the doped diamond electrode is much superior to that of the commonly used baronial metal electrodes. Diamond bears as a stuff for the allegory of cold cathode or other negatron breathing devices requires the diamond to be electrically conductive, with no demand for an accurately known doping degree. ( R. )\r\nFigure 17 Current V. Potential of a extremely B doped CVD diamond electrode in ( a ) 1 M KI ; ( B ) 1 M KBr and ( degree Celsius ) 1 M HCl. Scan rate 150 mV/s.\r\nThe alone negatron emanation belongingss of diamond are the most promising applications of semiconducting diamond. Although, no clear collar of the natural philosophies that determined the negatron emanation from diamond emerges. There are still many applications such as field emanation from diamond surfaces utilizing diamond to conductive.Thermal ManagementThe high thermic conduction of diamond, combined in some instances with its chemical inertness and high electrical electric resistance, makes it of affair for a assortment of thermic direction applications. Laser diamond heat sinks and other thermi c direction substrates formed from CVD polycrystalline diamond are illustrations of available merchandises. Because diamond combines exceptionally high thermic conduction with exceptionally low electrical conduction, it is of considerable involvement in electrical packaging applications. It provides efficient waies for heat flow without compromising the electrical closing off of single constituents. ( Reinhard )Transmission ApplicationsDiamond provides a window with high transmitting for assorted parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is an ideal radiation window stuff in peculiar for applications affect high power degrees and mechanical, thermic or chemical burden. Due to its big bandgap ( 5.5 electron volt ) and the wish of infrared active cardinal vibrational manners, diamond is optically crystalline over a big wavelength scope. Even at elevated temperatures, diamond rest crystalline, since the big bandgap does non let the formation of free bearers. In the roentgenogram pa rt of the spectrum, diamond is of involvement for x-ray lithography burys. The low atomic figure of diamond consequences in low x-ray soaking up. Another illustration is in high-octane gyrotrons such as are used in union research. This application requires the transmission of really big powers ( megawatts ) at microwave frequences ( one hundred seventy GHz ) every bit good as the ability to disperse heat quickly. The ability to convey high powers in the optical part of the spectrum is of involvement to laser interior decorators because the design of high-power optical masers is power limited by harm bound to laser optics instead than restrictions of the optical maser medium or pumping mechanisms. The abrasion opposition and chemical inertness make diamond of involvement as an optical coating stuff every bit good. ( Reinhard )\r\nDiamond is known for its broadband optical transparence covering the UV, seeable, close and far IR. In this scope the optical transmittal exhibits merel y minor intrinsic soaking up sets originating from two- phonon ( 1332-2664 cm-1 ) and three-phonon ( 2665-3994 cm-1 ) passages. The maximal soaking up coefficient sums to 14 cm-1 at 2158 cm-1. This bemuses authoritative for optical class CVD-diamond as shown in Figure 18. The soaking up around 10 ^m is of peculiar involvement for CO2-laser constituents and because many IR detectors operate within the 8-12 ?m atmospheric window. ( Nazare and Neves )\r\nFigure 18Transmission spectrum of a high-quality CVD-diamond window ( thickness: 150 ?m ) ( Nazare and Neves )\r\nCVD-diamond is besides used as vacuity Windowss for high-power microwave ( Gyrotron ) tubing. These Gyrotron tubings are used for the negatron cyclotron warming of merger plasmas. Power degrees transcending 1 MW at frequences of around 100 GHz have been demonstrated. Until late the end product window of these devices has been the most critical constituent restrict the maximal end product power or the pulse continuance. I n this context CVD-diamond window with weewee edgecooling is found to be really promising. The highly high power degree requires really low insulator losingss. CVD-diamond exhibits loss tangent values every bit low as 10-5 ( at 140 GHz ) . Below 350-400 & A ; deg ; C there is often no temperature dependance. In the 10- 145 GHz range the loss tangent decreases with frequence as 1/f [ 27 ] or as 1/f05. ( Nazare and Neves ) roentgen ray lithography masksThe declaration bound of optical lithography is defined by diffraction and sprinkling as the characteristic size approaches the exposing wavelength. X ray lithography, which uses significantly shorter radiation ( 0.8-1.5 nm versus 300-400 nanometer ) , offers a proficient way to accomplishing the higher declaration. However, several factors have delayed the execution of roentgen ray lithography on the production line for IC fiction.\r\nThe major non-technical factor is related to the immense constitutional optical expert substr ucture which has continued to do important betterments by utilizing measure and repetition exposure tools, integrating multilevel resist, using contrast foils, utilizing shorter wavelength radiation, planing higher numerical aperture optics, which has in effect delayed the execution of X-ray lithography. The proficient barriers to X-ray lithography execution include the absence of a dependable, high volume, low defect denseness X-ray mask engineering, a high velocity X-ray resist, a high velocity, low cost exposure/ colligation tool.\r\nThe best mask stuff has low atomic figure since the X-ray transparence improves with diminishing atomic figure. TABLE 1 reveals the failing of polymers as membrane stuff campaigners. They are non merely hygroscopic but are automatically soft and hence easy distorted. The metals Ti and Be are reasonably stiff ; nevertheless, their opacity is troublesome, but non pathological, since alliance Windowss can be etched in the membrane after topcoat with po lyimide to back up the alliance form. Beryllium would be first-class were it crystalline, dismissing its toxicity. Si and its nitride and oxide are good from an X-ray and optical transparence point of view but lack the mechanical stiffness of the furnace linings like SiC, BN and diamond. Si has the important advantage of a big installed engineering base and capital equipment handiness. As can be seen, diamond has the highest stiffness factor S of any stuff. There are other factors to see in choosing a stuff such as: scale-up of fiction procedure, X-ray-induced debasement, surface smoothness, two-dimensionality, secondary negatron emanation induced by the X raies, adhesion of metallization. Diamond ‘s low mass soaking up coefficient and low denseness make it compatible with a assortment of X-ray beginnings. ( Nazare and Neves )\r\nTable 4 Comparison of stuffs found on X-ray transparence Texas, optical transparence to, and mechanical stiffness S. ( Nazare and Neves )\r\nMateria l\r\nTexas ( ?m )\r\nt0\r\nS = Et0Z ( I-V ) ( GPa\r\nPolyimide\r\n8.7\r\n& A ; gt ; 5\r\n43\r\nMylar\r\n8.5\r\n& A ; gt ; 5\r\n42\r\nTitanium\r\n1.09\r\nOpaqueâ€Be\r\n42.0\r\nOpaqueâ€Silicon\r\n9.6\r\n2\r\n362\r\nAl2O3\r\n0.8\r\n1\r\n448\r\nSiO2\r\n4.99\r\n5\r\n444\r\nSi3N4\r\n7.71\r\n6\r\n728\r\nBN\r\n7.94\r\n4\r\n420\r\nSiC\r\n6.81\r\n3\r\n1590\r\nDiamond\r\n5.9\r\n2\r\n2336Detectors and DetectorsDiamond- ground devices are besides of involvement for notice a assortment of radiation types every bit good as feeling assorted physical parametric quantities such as temperature and force per unit area. For illustration, diamond thermal resistors have been proposed for temperature measuring in hostile environments such as chemical processing, gear box oil, and cryogenies. The piezoresistive consequence of diamond has been used to feel force per unit area, and p-type CVD polycrystalline diamond is reported to hold a big piezoresistive gage factor [ 12 ] . Diamond is high ly radiation hard, with a 55-eV supplant energy for a C atom in the diamond lattice. It besides acts as an ionizing radiation sensor and is hence of involvement for radiation measurings where exposure to big doses is required. The big set spread of diamond make it of involvement as a UV sensor, based on photoconduction, which is blind to seeable visible radiation. ( Reinhard )Decision\r\n'