cinderella Essay -- essays research papers

Cinderella Once Upon A Time The story of Cinderella has appealed to a number of audiences since its earliest dated version in A.D. 850. flush with the extensive selection of fairy tales in existence, "Cinderella" is undoubtedly the best known in the world, with everyplace 700 versions of this story available. However, this popularity is not limited strictly to literature, for the Cinderella theme is withal seen in many movie productions. Two movies, Walt Disneys Cinderella and Andy Tennants always After A Cinderella Story, ar of particular interest. These films share many similarities, both in the screenplay and in the optical effects, but a vast difference exists between the two. Though both teach that goodness will ultimately triumph over evil and villainy, Ever Afters depiction of the characters presents a better moral lesson for our society by showing that independence and knowledge are just as important as goodness. end-to-end history, as evidenced by Perault and the Grimm Brothers, Cinderella has typically been portrayed as the girl who obeys without complaining. She is characterized to be a perfect woman, both in purity and in beauty. entirely stories are somewhat influenced by the times in which they are written, and "Cinderella" is no exception. In fact, the date in which Disneys Cinderella was released, 1950, most likely played a noteworthy role in this particular Cinderellas success. After the years of poverty and struggle of the Great Depression and World War II, America wanted a change. kind of of being reminded of the past, this generation wanted to look toward the future as a time of happiness, success, and stability. Cinderella gave them this chance. Its ideals are simple and follow the morality themes of ordinary fairy tales if bingle is pure and follows his or her conscience, unitys dreams will come true. Disney adheres to the typical portrayal of Cinderella as the perfect woman. In the Disney movie, she is young, i nnocent, and pure. More importantly, she plays a sweet, innocent girl with whom no one can find a fault. She accepts her circumstances, and makes the best of them, no matter how dire and unfavorable. Though she is a servant in her own home, with her stepfamily ordering her about, her only solvent to this abuse is, "I know it isnt easy maciej mikula, but we should at least try and get along together." Cin... ...r more than she needs him, though the outward show may seem otherwise. This is more evidence of the independence people in the 21st century encourage in both women and men. Walt Disneys Cinderella and Andy Tennants Ever After are both based on the original Cinderella stories. However, because both of them were released in very different times, many differences mark the two versions, though they keep many of the learn elements that appeal to such a wide audience over the centuries. In both stories, Cinderella is a beautiful, young lady with a kind heart. Ever After, however, adds intelligence and courage to these qualities. Leading into the 21st century, these additions make Cinderella a much more modern and appealing role model for both the female and male audiences. Cinderella triumphs over her evil stepfamily in Ever After by playing an active role in receiving her freedom and by demonstrating to the viewer that knowledge is just as important a trait as goodness. Even though Cinderella and her prince live "happily ever after" in both Disney and Tennants depictions, how each girl got to the pourboire of this ever-famous phrase has dramatically changed with the times.

Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Essay -- Medicine Biology Res

nitrous Oxide (NO) and the neuronic SystemBetter known as an environmental hazard, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in combustion engines and contributes to smog and acid rain and has been implicated in the catalytic destruction of the ozone layer (Lancaster1992). Though NO is the bad-boy of the environment, its roles in the soundbox atomic number 18 extremely diverse and in some instances can be deleterious or beneficial depending on the circumstances. NO has been connected with immune function, examine of business line pressure and hypertension, impotence and penile erection, septic shock, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and macrophage mediated destruction of oncogenic cells (Young1993, Stroh1992). However, its activities in the nervous system may be the most exciting husking to date for this eclectic molecule (Koshland1992). Due to NOs radical structure, it is highly reactive and very short-lived within the body (6-15 sec.) making its spying thorny (Lancaster1992) as such(prenominal), it can therefore be synthesized only on demand since radicals are known to disrupt cellular homeostasis. NO is small and neutral and it rapidly diffuses through cellular membranes from its site of synthesis making it in ideal intercellular paracrine-like messenger or poison (Lancaster1992). In the body, NO reacts with redox metals such as copper, manganese, or the iron heme-like protein centers, and molecular oxygen forming nitrites and nitrates, the latter constituting the principal manner in which NO is inactivated in vivo (Snyder1992). The enzyme which synthesizes NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been cloned and structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase, possessing umteen grade homologies and the same physical sites for binding of identic... ... in Cells. American Scientist, 80248-259, whitethorn/June 1992. Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. Nitric Oxide is the Endothelium Derived Relaxation Factor and is Also an Impo rtant Compound in the Nervous System. Harpers Biochemistry, pp 657-658, Appleton & Lange, USA, 1993. Schuman, E. M. and D. V. Madison. A Requirement for the Intercellular Messenger Nitric Oxide in Lone Term Potentiation. Science, 2541503-1506, Dec. 6, 1991. Snyder, S. H. and D. S. Bredt. Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide. Scientific American, 26668-71+, May 1992. Snyder, S. H. Nitric Oxide First in a stark naked Class of Neurotransmitters. Science, 257494-496, July 24, 1992. Stroh, M. The Root of Impotence Does Nitric Oxide Hold the Key. Science News, 14210-11. July 4, 1992. Young, S. The Bodys Vital Poison. New Scientist, 13736-40, marchland 13, 1993. Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous System Essay -- Medicine Biology ResNitric Oxide (NO) and the Nervous SystemBetter known as an environmental hazard, nitric oxide (NO) is produced in combustion engines and contributes to smog and acid rain and has been implicated in the catalytic destruction of the ozone layer (Lanca ster1992). Though NO is the bad-boy of the environment, its roles in the body are extremely diverse and in some instances can be deleterious or beneficial depending on the circumstances. NO has been connected with immune function, control of blood pressure and hypertension, impotence and penile erection, septic shock, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and macrophage mediated destruction of oncogenic cells (Young1993, Stroh1992). However, its activities in the nervous system may be the most exciting discovery yet for this eclectic molecule (Koshland1992). Due to NOs radical structure, it is highly reactive and very short-lived within the body (6-15 sec.) making its detection difficult (Lancaster1992) as such, it can therefore be synthesized only on demand since radicals are known to disrupt cellular homeostasis. NO is small and uncharged and it rapidly diffuses through cellular membranes from its site of synthesis making it in ideal intercellular paracrine-like messenger or poison (Lancaster1992). In the body, NO reacts with redox metals such as copper, manganese, or the iron heme-like protein centers, and molecular oxygen forming nitrites and nitrates, the latter constituting the principal manner in which NO is inactivated in vivo (Snyder1992). The enzyme which synthesizes NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been cloned and structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase, possessing many sequence homologies and the same physical sites for binding of identic... ... in Cells. American Scientist, 80248-259, May/June 1992. Murray, R. K., D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes, and V. W. Rodwell. Nitric Oxide is the Endothelium Derived Relaxation Factor and is Also an Important Compound in the Nervous System. Harpers Biochemistry, pp 657-658, Appleton & Lange, USA, 1993. Schuman, E. M. and D. V. Madison. A Requirement for the Intercellular Messenger Nitric Oxide in Lone Term Potentiation. Science, 2541503-1506, Dec. 6, 1991. Snyder, S. H. and D. S. Bredt. Biological Rol es of Nitric Oxide. Scientific American, 26668-71+, May 1992. Snyder, S. H. Nitric Oxide First in a New Class of Neurotransmitters. Science, 257494-496, July 24, 1992. Stroh, M. The Root of Impotence Does Nitric Oxide Hold the Key. Science News, 14210-11. July 4, 1992. Young, S. The Bodys Vital Poison. New Scientist, 13736-40, March 13, 1993.

Bad Apples Essay -- English Literature Essays

Bad ApplesA Poison Tree by William Blake is a short poem about life in general. The poem teaches its readers a valuable lesson about anger. Anger has power over ones mind and actions. If a individual holds in their feelings, especially anger, it can pull that person down emotionally as evident in the poem A Poison Tree. This poem written by William Blake describes the darker emotions such as anger, disgust and Schadenfreude. The poem refers to apple bright in the garden which may lead readers to infer a Biblical reference to the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of fair and Evil. Man, inflicting death upon his foe, is more cruel than the God of Genesis who banished the sinners from paradise. Paradise is a place that God created for Adam and Eve at the beginning of time. The fruit mentioned in the Bible is that of a forbidden tree whose mortal taste brought death into the world and all our woe. The poem mainly deals with anger. The beginning of the poem begins by enactment a scenar io in which a man told his friend he was angry with him, yet they were able to work out their differences and resolve the issue. His anger dissipated short afterwards, and the friendship continued to grow like a seedling soon becomes a tree with strong roots. Blake was also angry at his enemy, but Blake could not do the same as he did with his friend. He keeps his anger secret from his enemy. Blake made a mistake by not allowing his anger to escape. His anger grew both day and night. H...

English Only Laws Essay -- Essays Papers

English Only LawsTo start with, we may not live in England, but the language we blab out is supposed to be English. So, one would think that a person would have no problem speaking this language at the workplace unless the job calls for a different language, This is not so. Countless people have challenged this policy of several different companies and this is what I will be discussing, in English. First, most of the workers speak English, maybe not as a primary language, but speak it to the best of their ability. This policy, to speak only English at the workplace, was on the whole and totally law-abiding since all the employees spoke English. Now, the employer did not say they could not speak Spanish during their break times. Only that while they were working, they were to speak English. This problem happens a lot in the Army because Hispanics make up a considerable part of our Army. This problem should not come up though, because it is the United States Army. The US spe aks English as its primary language. In the Army however, we mint make a correction because if it is not directly related to the job, it should not be happening. It still does however, because it has drive commonplace. Second, many employees speak Spanish and English, so these employees are bilingual.They could be saying one thing in English and switch to Spanish in the mettle of a sentence. This can get very aggravating, for example, two employees are giving a demonstration to an important client, who only speaks English. The two employees get confused more or less something in the demonstration and automatically revert to the language they are most comfortable with, Spanish. The client meanwhile is getting very frustrated. While the two employees speak Spa... ...d give the briefing for that day and then turn around and start talking about the work man. I seriously doubt the work crew would like that. The work crew would probably try to sue the employer under Title VII somehow.In closing , the business ultimately belongs to the owner, and he can keep almost any policy he wants, within reason. He employee should be thankful for the job. The employer should put this policy in writing in the lotion process. All of this just goes to show what some people will do to make people for something that the other person thinks they did wrong to them. All in all, I think the justice system works to the best of its capability, but there are always going to be those individuals that try to take advantage of the system. In the end, all a person can do is try to raise their children so they learn the right way to treat people.

Hiding Places :: essays research papers

We go to repoints of comfort to get away from the burden of harsh realities. People use secrecy places of forcible means like a closet or library, to maybe think of things they care for and things that make them happy and . Whether it be your bedroom, your closet, you know you can continuously count on the satisfaction of you hidden place to be there for you and blanket you. No matter what, your hiding place is always going to be easily accessible and very accommodating . People enjoy this because it is a place they can go to for a guaranteed refreshing experience. Some unitary might apply to their room with the door shut and locked after a break up with a partner and write about the past experiences that they have endured together. The hiding place gives off an aura of familiarity and comfort. Something we can entirely use in a desperate time. Essentially, a hiding place has to provide a familiar physical stimuli. Hiding places often reside in the pages of literature. Within literature lies the tales of people lives, experiences, and knowledge. People love to play the part in Shakespeare, or be one of the knights from King Arthurs Round table. It sets them closer to freedom. In books, inhibitions are set free, and people can ultimately be what they want. This is important when someone is feeling insignificant. Everyone needfully to feel wanted, loved, and noticed, and if someone can not obtain these needs from someone, they will resort to someWHERE they can.Potential problems for hiding places is the disregard for the realities of the modern world. Someone who spends all there time in books is living there life falsely and will face tasks that they will not be able to conquer collect to insecurities. Examples of the insecurities they endure are lack of confidence and lack of trust in others.

Hiding Places :: essays research papers

We go to habitations of comfort to get away from the burden of unsmooth realities. People use hiding places of physical means like a closet or library, to maybe think of things they care for and things that make them happy and . Whether it be your bedroom, your closet, you know you can always count on the satisfaction of you hidden place to be there for you and blanket you. No matter what, your hiding place is always going to be easily accessible and very accommodating . People enjoy this because it is a place they can go to for a guaranteed snappy experience. Someone might resort to their room with the door shut and locked after a break up with a partner and write about the bygone experiences that they have endured together. The hiding place gives off an aura of familiarity and comfort. Something we can all use in a desperate time. Essentially, a hiding place has to put up a familiar physical stimuli. Hiding places often reside in the pages of literature. Within literature lie s the tales of people lives, experiences, and knowledge. People love to play the part in Shakespeare, or be one of the knights from King Arthurs Round table. It sets them closer to freedom. In books, inhibitions are set free, and people can ultimately be what they want. This is chief(prenominal) when someone is feeling insignificant. Everyone needs to feel wanted, loved, and noticed, and if someone can not obtain these needs from someone, they will resort to someWHERE they can.Potential problems for hiding places is the contract for the realities of the modern world. Someone who spends all there time in books is living there life falsely and will face tasks that they will not be able to conquer due to insecurities. Examples of the insecurities they endure are lack of confidence and lack of trust in others.

Why Should the Factor of Political Stability Be at the Very Top?

Why should the factor of political stability be at the precise top of the list of criteria used to evaluate the attraction of potential foreign investments? There are several issues that should be considered when evaluating the attractiveness of a potential foreign investment. Among them we whoremaster stress three main groups of criteria widely distributed market risks, commercial risks and political risks (the ones in focus in this essay).Political risks are caused by changes in a countrys political structure or policies and, according to Hollensen (2007) ownership, operating and transfer risks are the main types that a marketer can face. Restrictions in repatriation of profits, change of government party, civil strife, revolution and wars can panic the attractiveness of a certain market. J. Eli Margolis (Estimating State Instability 2012) tried to create a method that could help warning such problems as the Arabic organize.As we know today, it is not merely cheap labor that FDI is constantly seeking political considerations must join the economic ones so the investment has the chance to be succeeded. As an example, we can talk about the Solomon Islands after serious civil turbulence, law and order were restored and political and economic situation started improving gradually. However, political unbalance remained a challenge and so, a key obstacle in attracting foreign direct investment into the country. Trade Policy review-WTO). Despite all this evidence we can always find different opinions. According to Peter D. Bennett and Robert T. Green (JMR 1972), political instability can be considered as a primary consideration in foreign investment decisions only within combined contexts of region and economic development and not as a general reason. Risk is not safe about the possibility of losing market share or profits. Politic stability is extremely important.Taking the Irish case as an example, their aspiration to be free from British dependency resulte d in a policy of strong macroeconomic stability and honest bureaucracy. As a result, nowadays more than half of the Irish scrimping is foreign owned. There is political risk in every nation but also a wide range of procedures that countries can adopt to locomote more attractive to foreign investment ( E. g. Ease or resolve instability through humanitarian or government aid S. Korean/ N.Korean 1999). In conclusion, I can say that terrorism and corruption are great threats for FI but there is always a way to face the situation and succeed. A detailed analyses of the host market and anticipation of certain risks is essential for the success of the investment and that is why the factor of political stability should be at the very top of the list of criteria used to evaluate the attractiveness of potential foreign investments. Filipa Florencio 26/03/2013

Kalpana Chawla: The First Indian-American Astronaut

Kalpana Chawla ( July 1 , 1961 February 1 , 2003 ) was an Indian-American astronaut and space raspberry mission specialist of STS-107 ( Columbia ) who was killed when the craft disintegrated after reentry into the Earths atmosphere . Early spirit Chawla was born in Karnal , Haryana , India . Her interest in flight was inspired by J. R. D. Tata , Indias first pilot. Education Chawla studied aeronautical engineering at the Punjab Engineering College in 1982 where she earned her Bachelor of Science degree.Thereafter she moved to the United States to obtain a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from University of Texas ( 1984 ). Dr. Chawla earned a doctorate in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado in 1988 . That same year she began working for NASA s Ames Research Center . Kalpana Chawla became a naturalized USA citizen, and marital Jean-Pierre Harrison, a freelance flying instructor. Chawla held a certified flight instructors license with airplane and glide r ratings, and has commercial pilots licenses for single and multiengine land and seaplanes.NASA Career Dr. Chawla entered NASAs astronaut design in 1994 and was selected for flight in 1996 . Chawlas first mission to space began on November 19 , 1997 as part of the 6 astronaut crew that flew the Space razzing Columbia Flight STS-87 . Chawla was the first Indian-born woman in space, as well as the first Indian-American in space. (She was the second person from India to fly into space, after astronaut Rakesh Sharma who went into space in 1984 in a Soviet spacecraft. ) On her first mission Chawla travelled over 6. million miles in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 375 hours in space. During STS-87, she was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which malfunctioned forcing two other astronauts to go on a spacewalk to capture the solar satellite. A five-month NASA investigation blamed the error on the flight crew and ground control. She was fully exonerated (although this did not stop some reporters from making direspectful comments about her involvement in the mishap in the age after her death in the explosion of the final Columbia mission).After being selected for a second flight, Chawla lived at the Lyndon B Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas , undergoing extensive training. Chawlas mission got delayed in July 2002 when NASA engineers identified three cracks on the shuttles second engines liquid hydrogen flow liner. Over six months later the shuttle was cleared and she returned to space in the ill-fated STS-107 mission. Chawla was dedicated to the scientific goals of SPACEHAB/FREESTAR microgravity research mission, for which the crew conducted nearly 80 experiments studying earth and space science, advance engine room development, and astronaut health and safety.Personal Characteristics Chawla was a strict vegetarian . On her mission, she carried a white silk banner as part of a worldwide campaign to reinforce teachers, as well as near ly two dozen CDs, including ones by Abida Parveen , Yehudi Menuhin , Ravi Shankar , and Deep Purple . She went to her first rock concert, a Deep Purple raise, in 2001 with her husband. Kalpana is not necessarily a rock music aficionado, her husband said of a Deep Purple show they went to in 2001. But (she) nevertheless characterized the show as a spiritual experience. The administrator for the Hindu temple in Houston where Chawla attended when her schedule permitted said She was a nice lady and very pious. DeathKalpana Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earths atmosphere, with the loss of all seven crew members, shortly before it was plan to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.Memoria Shortly after her last mission, India renamed its first weather satellite Kalpana-1 in her honor. She died a hero and a role-model for many young women, oddly those in her ho metown of Karnal where she periodically returned to encourage young girls to follow in her footsteps. Her brother, Sanjay Chawla , remarked To me, my sister is not dead. She is immortal. Isnt that what a star is? She is a permanent star in the sky. She provide always be up there where she belongs.

Creative Brief Template (IMC Brief) Essay

1Marketing ObjectivesThe brands selling objectives such as sh be or volume goals, summary of market situation, samara competitor activity, marketing issues and challenges. H&Hs prospered brand image and transmission line development resulted in an over 60% market shargon in mainland China and around 20%-70% of market share around the world. Marketing issues and challenges hardihoods within the company and the brand darlie.For them to keep ahead in the ever-changing market, and continue its expansion plan, H&H-CP indispens ablenessed a complete channel strategy. Specifically, it wanted to, further increase the volume of purchase by the channels, and completely edge out competitors.The challenges face within the brand is the protray of racism to the black and religious commuity which H&H piddle been enterpriseing to convince its packaging and its brand darkie to darlie. However until date, the logo of the toothpaste still exsist which cost a stir to the community and as well the market as earthy people will boycott the growth. Build a strong, technology-superior channel management system without disrupting the existing one. Their competitor includes, pearlie white, sensodyne, Kodomo and systema. These are the leading competitor that pay been significant in the singapore market.2Communication ObjectivesWhat the communication needs to accomplish (e.g. revision awareness, attitude, opinion, consideration or perception, etc including quantitative measures, what consumers are expected to think, feel or do.The Hawley & Hazel Group is a reliable and trusted manufacturer of high quality spoken worry products, including the world-renowned Darlie brand of toothpastes and toothbrushes. Established in 1933, Hawley & Hazel has enjoyed a long history as one of the most respected and recognised oral care names in Asia. Darlie toothpastes and toothbrushes are a firm family favourite for generations of consumers across the region. It is our goal to give our cons umers a healthy and sparkling white make a face, alter them to feel gentle and convinced(p), wherever they are.The Hawley & Hazel Groups commercial efforts hit attained significant success, and Hawley & Hazels toothpaste products, sold under the Darlie brand, are a bestselling household name throughout the region. Today, Darlie toothpaste is one of the market leaders in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, synonymous with clean white teeth and a confident smile everywhere.3Corporate and / or Brand PositioningTaken from the corportate and / or brand line brand positioning. Includes target market, frame of reference, and the wizard relevant differentiated benefit (RDB key benefit). The target market of darlie are most people young and old in the asia region as the leader in oral health care bringing healthy teeth and fresh bright smiles to families and individuals. However due to the racism case they have stop all sales in the the States and some parts of the world as they might be sued or even boycott by the people which racism is highly regarded in the country.4Brand denotation The key phrases or terms which describe the personality the brand should consistently portray. They are dedicated to developing and manufacturing leading edge oral hygiene products that rein in the latest technology and some of the most state-of-the-art ideas in the industry. It is our goal to give our consumers a healthy and sparkling white smile, enabling them to feel attractive and confident, wherever they are. Unique fresh-tasting Darlie is your trusted brand in oral health care. It stands for healthy, clean white teeth and a fresh mouth, keeping you attractive and confident wherever you are.5Target Audience ProfileDemographics, psychographics, lifestyle and behavioural description of the target audience (eg, first time buyers, cautious buyers, brand loyalty status etc), that leads to a key consumer insight, the single most important observation on how the target relates to the brand or category.The Demographics of targeted customer are situated in the asia pacific region as the darlie sales in U.S have sparkled debates over the brand for many eld even though H&H have been trying to change the perception of the people regarding the brand. Age group will be people around the age of 11-50 as darlie has come out with flavours of fresh mint further which does not entice the young to use it and purchase it. The psychographic target audience will be customers that know chinese as H&H have been trying to change the name from darkie to darlie however the chinese name remain the the chinese populated countries where people are aware of the brand for years already. The change of name in chinese populated country will bring down sales as they have been accustom to it for many years.6Main meat / Communications FocusThe most important message that mustiness be communicated, expressed in consumer language. Must be single minded and linked to the the single relevant differentiated benefit (RDB). During the early days of darlie, they only produce normal tooth paste with one or two flavours to meet the needs of asia communities that are just progressing within their country. Therefore there are not much variation in the benefits it have and they do not look into the different difficulty faced by people having other oral problems. Now they have shifted towards different tooth care that entice young adults to puchase example whitening product and also products that help with sensitive tooth. Many of the advertisment were taiwanese actors as 80 percent of Taiwanese used Darlie as their toothpaste.7Support / Permissions to BelieveKey attributes that support the communication focus, thinks why the target audience can believe RDB will be delivered. Can be rational (product claims, features, technologies etc) or emotional (reputation, heritage, historical equities).For what I can figure most advertisement are made using asi an stars, this shows that they are trying hard to communicate and focus on asian to buy their products. Thats the reason why I believe they have successfully targeted the audience within their regent. They also seperate their product according to different kinds ranging from sensitive tooth to whitening. Different product have different advertisment to communicate with the target audience which are interested in the various products. Their packaging have also help customer recognise their product easily as they are more vibrant and ceaselessly glow and get notice by customers easily.8Current Audience Attitudes / Perception / BehaviourRelevant attitudes, behaviours and perceptions that need to be changed or will filter the key message (Use substantiating research where possible). Many singaporeans have potrays and naturally refered as colgate to toothpaste. With this statement, this proves that colgate has a very successful marketing communication to the consumers in singapore. This will further hinder in the sales of other brands of toothpaste as consumer always will think of colgate first when purchasing toothpaste for their own use. Whereas for Darlie, the brand name has been there more many years, but they are popular in the asia regent as chinese customers have always name it as darkie9Desired Target Audience ResponseWhat they should think, feel and act after exposure to the communication. The promotional mix along with the advertising must be changed to reflect a more positive image of the product brand. Sales promotions, advertising, public relations, and personal selling efforts must be pursued to experience market share and growth in the future. A reactive strategy is not the solution however a more proactive approach should have been pursued by management. These types of issues must be pursued and anticipated to accommodate the needs of the consuming public.10Communication EvaluationHow will the audience response be measurable or evaluated (Detail research process and timings if relevant)? Every actor that have come out for the advertisement for the darlie are respectable figures with nice white teeth which is able to convince individual into purchasing the product which have been for many years in the industry. Successful new products driving the share gains include Colgate Total skipper Clean, Colgate Max White, Colgate Sensitive Enamel Protect and Darlie Sensitive Gum Protection toothpastes which consist of 18% of market shares around asia as cited in (http//investor.colgate.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=380743&ReleaseType=Earnings) during year 2009.11Executional ManditoriesExecutional requirements, elements that should or should not be shown. Covers anchor line, copy and/or visual treatment, cultural issues, language, body styles, legal constraints, specific management concerns etc.The things darlie should look out for is to try to avoid or rather change the perception of the brand soft as many people have protest on the name of darlie and slowly enter the market in the US and the UK so to enhance maximum profit and capability of the product. They should also stop using the word black man tooth paste in the all chinese advertisment, to avoid further complication with the law.12BudgetCreative, Media, Production etc. Detail inclusions and exclusions. Emphasise that concepts that cannot be produced within budget should not be presented.

Ethical Egosim and Sentiment: Examing Decision-Making in the Grey Area Essay

If there were one particular ethical theory that would universally fit all situations, ethics would be an open/ closed in(p) case. However, that simply isnt how ethical theories work. While, some may have signifi locoweedtly more merit than others on a scale of universal application, there be some situations where relativism comes into round when deciphering which theory best suits a given situation. The relativism referred to here is of a individualal nature. A person is the sum of their experiences and actions.Additionally, even if a person has a straight-pointing moral compass, these past life experiences, combined with their current situation, can weigh heavily in deciding the morality of a decision when come issues that lay in a gray argona. Take, for example, the story of an uneducated person from an underprivileged background, whos only foresee suitable chance at bettering their life is exceling in a specific sport they have a natural talent for. They have dedicate themsel ves to this sport and have trained tirelessly.Though they have the exponent to place at a high rank, they have never been able to win a race that enabled them to make a name for them self and unveiling their career. They keep coming close to winning, but ultimately, always end up falling short by an inch. Suppose this person was going to be competing in a major event, which if won, would yield a large cash prize, and would launch them into the spotlight via an endorsement deal with a major sportswear company. Now, imagine that a sports trainer approaches the jockstrap with a tempting proposition.The trainer informs the athlete that he has a new performance supplement that will dramatically improve the athletes performance. The trainer tells the athlete that the supplement has been tested on animals and has, thus far, been proven safe. The trainer informs the athlete that the substance is not on the list of ban performance enhancing substances that competitions test for before an athlete par dons in an event. The trainer then tells the athlete, that all he wants is $5,000 of the winnings. If the athlete wins, hell owe the trainer $5,000 if he loses, hell owe nothing.While both James Rachaels Theory of Egoism and Moral Skepticism, and David Humes Theory of Moral Sentiment are relevant to this scenario, Humes theory is, decisively, the most ethical theory of choice in application to this particular situation. There are a couple of issues that come into play when making moral judgments about this situation. First, the athlete knows that performance enhancing substances are banned in competitions. The fact that this particular substance is not yet banned, is not proofread of its acceptability for use.Instead, it merely shows that the substance is so new, it has yet to be recognized and put on the list of banned substances. Given time, it will assuredly be on that list. Thus, the athlete knows that taking the substance to give him an advantage in winning would be looked down upon, and is questionable, in principal. Second is the issue of individual(prenominal) circumstance. This particular athletes ability to thrive is contingent on his success at making a name for himself in his sport. If he fails to do so, he will never foreseeably get a leg up and achieve monetary stability.The future of his life, as far as all foreseeable circumstances are concerned, depend on him winning this cash prize and endorsement contract. To him, these two things may make the difference between him having a financial springboard with which to better his situation, versus being stuck in a multi-generational financial cycle of poverty. The application of James Rachels Theory of Egoism and Moral Skepticism to the said(prenominal) scenario, specifically focuses on the ethical egoist portion of Rachels argument.The ethical egoist argues that people ought to act merely out of self-interest that while valet have the capacity to make decisions altruistically, the re is no reason that we should do so. This reasoning simplifies the decision-making for the athlete. Clearly, winning is in his best interest. Thus, taking the substance is the best decision. However, in order for this theory to succeed, the person must conceal their actions while encouraging others to act differently. Essentially, he must be a disingenuous, hypocritical, and manipulative liar. If the world were sound of people like this, we would back-stab each other into extinction.This is where the theory of the ethical egoism falls apart in regard to being a universal theory. If everyone acted whole with self-interest, society wouldnt be sustainable. There has to be some sort of rule in place in regard to looking out for each-others best interests in order for society to function properly. David Humes Theory of Moral Sentiment achieves the balance of being able to make ethical judgments that are as altruistic as possible, while still looking at each decision on a case by case terra firma before deeming it ethical or unethical.Hume poses the question of why one action can be right in some circumstances, yet wrong in others while the act itself is the same in both cases. It comes down to sentiment, or ones personal feelings about the circumstances surrounding an act. Once again, take into consideration, the originally stated scenario concerning the athlete. Under Humes theory, the ethical decision would be whatever the person felt was right, if, but only if, those circumstances made it morally acceptable. Take for instance, this same story, but with an athlete who is from a roaring family.If he doesnt become an athlete, he still has the viable option of attending college and engage another stable career that will provide him with a good life. The athlete from the well-to-do family has options, and his future stability is not hinged on being a successful athlete. Thus, if he chose to take the supplement in this scenario, it would be an unethical decisio n. However, when the scenario is applied to the impoverished athlete whose future stability is hinged on his success as an athlete, the decision to take the supplement is no longer unethical.It is, after all, technically legal to take for competitions. Thus, hes not technically doing anything wrong. uncomplete the well-to-do athlete, nor the impoverished athlete would, technically, be doing anything wrong by taking the substance. This is where the grey area comes into play. We have an action, that if committed by a financially well-to-do athlete would be considered selfish and unsportsman-like. Yet, if the same act were committed by an impoverished athlete, few people could hold back empathy and not be able to cut him slack for his choice.This same act is now one thats deemed acceptable, ground merely on a distinct set of circumstances. It doesnt convey that this an ultimate right, in the discussion of rights and wrongs simply, that when discussing gray area issues, the moral of sentiment applies heavily in deciphering the right or wrongful nature of an action. In conclusion, we can see that while James Rachels theory of ethical egoism makes deciphering a verdict on right and wrong simple, the act of making choices based solely on self-interest is not sustainable for society.All in all, deciphering the morality of a choice comes down to the particular circumstances that elicit an unrestrained response. When looking at issues critically, there is no fact-based evidence that clearly defines right from wrong in the action. However, because of our sentimental side, we are able to justify certain actions that would other than be considered wrong. Thus, David Humes Theory of Moral Sentiment has far better results when applied to this particular case

Final research paper

Then started sharing my idea with my best friend, Stalin Gomes, who is currently canvas at Bridgeport University in Connecticut and is alike a under Of this high society. He also sh bed a similar idea and we started working towards building our comp either in 2010. Then we named it Athletic Footwear. Our companys USPS is The best you can have. We are committed to provide our customers with varieties of top quality footwear. We are working with all told the top athletic footwear brands like Nikkei, Aids, Rebook, Puma, New Balance, Gender Armor, Acacias, Sketchers, Vans and Umbra to bring all the new gears to our customers.Our companys marketing tar take ins are runners, athletics, sneaker lovers and others. Our companys top priority ND goal is to provide the best customer service possible and going global. We want to run our disdain successfully and also want to go international. To secure our goal we need a very successful nettsite and to make it we need retentionfront softw are that offers us similar options and services we are looking for. In the article, Starting an online warehousing made easy and really sexy E- commerce TTY McMahon and DOD Jones talk about the future of e-commerce.They wrote, A whole new era of e-commerce is acclivitous one whither just about anyone can create high-end, custom branded online stores for next to thing. This is being made possible by a crop of emerging online e- commerce platforms backed by venture capital (McMahon & Jones 2011). These days its very tricky to find the right storefront software as there are so many storefront software offering different blows like hosting, design, pricing and pull aheadings options, marketing tools, reports etc.There are also many fake web builders which might be harmful for businesses. The purpose of my research is to find the right storefront software for building a website for our business. The research that I have entire describes the definitive features that we need to c onsider when choosing storefront software. Below I have detailed distri saveively key features required for building a perfect website for my business. Also, I have selected three storefront software and compared their key features. At the end I have chosen the best one for my business.IMPORTANT STOREFRONT FEATURES FOR BUILDING A WEBSITE There are a lot of different storefront software companies these days offering different options and services. The most bitant thing to keep in mind when choosing a storefront software is our business needs, like it loudest make sense to use a smaller web hosting if we are building a huge website that requires multiple servers, it wouldnt make sense to pay for a lot of storage and features that we are not going to use if we are launching a small blob. I have decided to compare key features between three storefront software. They are brisk, developing and Precision meshing Hosting.The important features that I have chosen to write about are unli mited web hosting, customizable web design, 24/ 7 customer service & security, obtain cart & payment options, product coun selling, marketing & happen, bile commerce and social media connectivity. Kari Fabian writes, This type of application should help you design your website, upload and manage your inventory, connect to a shopping cart, and provide secure payment options to your customers (commerce Software Review 2014). UNLIMITED WEB HOSTING Unlimited web hosting is the most important feature for building a website.I requirement to expand my business in domestic level and also internationally, so its very important for me to favour storefront software that offers unlimited web hosting. Spiffy and development twain offers unlimited be hosting but precision web offers very limited web hosting. In the article, Spiffy The brains behind the online business the reservoir writes, Spiffy takes care of coding storage, backup servers, security and payment administration, in return for a subscription fee and, with basic plans, a fee on each transaction (Canadian Business 2011).Spiffy offers Content Delivery Network (CDC) which is large network of servers placed across the world to ensure that customers can load any website store quickly, no matter where they are. According to the article, For busy Evolution, e-business is good, Lori Hopkins talks about the features of Evolution. He writes, Evolution helps businesses build their websites, update product information, offer online coupons, handle reference book notification transactions and track inventory, all in one place.Its social shopping feature lets customers add e-commerce stores to their Faceable and Namespace fan pages (Hopkins 2010). Evolution also offers CDC, powered by Zamia, consists of tens of thousands of servers across the globe, allowing shoppers to access any site at lightning speed. Precision Web Hosting doesnt have servers all around the web, shoppers cant have access o all sites and also few loads slowly. That is a clear negative side of Precision Web Hosting as I want to expand my business globally. Ant my customers to access my website from any part of the world at lightning speed. All three storefront software also offer mobile commone feature which lets users pull up smart phone ready storefronts. Evolution and Spiffy come with multiple hosted email accounts to help business owners croak with customers. These web-based accounts allow owners to access their messages anyhere they have an internet connection. On the there hand Precision Web Hosting comes with very few hosted email accounts to help business owners communicate with customers.I want to communicate with my customers so that I can let them know about new merchandise and sales, so think Evolution and Spiffy are in a better position in this case than Precision Web Hosting. CUSTOMIZABLE WEB DESIGN Choosing storefront software that offers customizable web design is also very important for a building a per fect website. In this feature we can customize our web page just as we want it or submit from different readmes templates to make it user friendly and website attractive.Spiffy offers Spiffy piece of music terminal which hosts a collection of over 1 00 premium and free commerce templates. The Theme Store includes professional looking templates for cloth ins & fashion, jewelry, electronics, art & photography, and other types of commerce sites. According to spiffy, many of the commerce templates found in the Spiffy Theme Store have been created by world-renown designers including happy cog, clearest and pixel union.On the other hand, Evolution offers dozens of free, ready-to-use templates by which we can make our website shine in less than sixty seconds y choosing from any of our high-quality commerce templates. With a wide variety of free templates to choose from, we will have a stylishly professional site thats sure to scratch our customers. They also offer custom design and bra nding services to make businesses look unique. Precision Web Hosting also offers some similar services but a bit limited. They dont have options to design larger websites.They have limited ready to use templates and customizing options. I want to expand my business and also go international and for that I need storefront software, which is going to offer me to expand thou charging me more. Based on this information I think Spiffy and Evolution have better web customizing options then precision Web Hosting. 24/7 CUSTOMER SERVICE & SECURITY One very important feature to look at when selecting storefront software is 24/7 customer service and security from the storefront software company to protect the website and also campaign properly.Security is very important these days. Especially with increased threats of online fraud and identify theft. In the article, Evolution Evolution announces acknowledgement card fraud protection service for online store owners the writer wrote, In 2009, the umber of personal records that hackers exposed data like Social Security numbers, medical records and credit card information tied to an various(prenominal) exceeded 220 million records, compared with 35 million in 2008 (Information technology business 2010). Evolution, spiffy and Precision Web Hosting offers secure and flexible commerce hosting.They offer PC/Clips-certified securities which are dedicated to keep our sites most sensitive sales and customer data safe from harmful activities. But Precision Web Hosting doesnt have 24/7 customer service. As Precision Web Hosting doesnt have 24/7 customer service, think its not perfect for my business because I want my customers to get 24/7 customer service so that they are ready to do business with my company over and over again. SHOPPING CART & earnings OPTIONS Another very important feature we need to consider when choosing storefront software is shopping cart.Evolution, Spiffy and Precision Web Hosting all accept credit card s. With Spiffy Payments, set up is instant, so we can accept Visa, Mastered and American Express the minute we launch our shop. Spiffy offers a low credit card rate, and no hidden fee. Evolution offers legible payment options. We can accept a variety of payment options including credit cards, Papal, Google payments and international currencies. Precision Web Hosting also offers different payment options like credit cards and Papal. Evolution, Spiffy and Precision Web Hosting all offer flexible and simple transportation options.Spiffy has shipping rates that can be set up in a number of different ways, including fixed-price, tiered, weight-based and location-based rates. Also, unlimited plan users can receive automatic shipping rates from major shipping carriers like LASS, USPS and Fed. While Evolution and Precision Web Hosting also has similar features but Spiffy has better product management and product tracking options. So, Spiffy is the best option to setup a shopping cart for our business website. PRODUCT MANAGEMENT Products make up the business of commerce.A great range of products keeps customers coming back for more. But adding thousands of products is not an easy task and is often vulnerable to errors. Also delivering and keeping track of the product is also a very important task. Spiffy have Track product inventory option through which they can help us avoid selling rodents that have run out of stock, or let us know when we need to order or make more of our product. Evolution has mass import service which can do exceedingly fast product setup and we can relax as their skilled data feed managers guarantee us error free product updates.While Precision Web has a very limited product management service with no product tracking options. As I am going to expand my business in the feature I will have more products and to track them need a storefront software that has good product management service. So, think Precision Web is not a good option for my busin ess. MARKETING & recognise Marketing and SEE is another very important feature that we need to consider when choosing a effective storefront software for our business. SEE stands for search engine optimization.Spiffy, Evolution both offers advanced SEE built right into our store, we can earn higher organic rankings in Google, Bingo and other search engines. Also, they automatically help to earn rich snippet displays like Star ratings, pricing and stock Status in organic search results. Evolution also offers their customers to sell their products on virago and eBay. On the other hand, Precision Web also offers similar eaters like Spiffy and Evolution but are limited. They dont options for selling in Amazon and eBay.Spiffy, Evolution and Precision web all offers email marketing options which helps customers to know about all the latest updates and discounts of the business. I am looking for the best marketing and SEE featured software and I think Spiffy and Evolution are very good op tions to choose from. MOBILE COMMERCE These days almost 30% of the commerce sales are made through a mobile device. Spiffy plan includes a free, built-in mobile commerce shopping cart. This meaning our customers can browse and buy from our store hill on the go, using any mobile phone from anywhere.Also, we can manage our store on the go and choose from beautiful mobile responsive themes. Evolution also helps shoppers buy from businesses anytime, an)Where by delivering a completely mobile optimized experience, from browsing all the way to checkout. kind of of making shoppers fumble through the site with their thumbs, site will be fully compatible with any smart phone or tablet device. In Precision web shopping cart automatically re-sizes the Shop template to fit mobile Screen resolutions but doesnt have beautiful mobile themes to choose from. So, I think Precision Web is not a good choice for my business.

Montana 1948

Practise Essay element 109 1948 Dont blame Montana He said, Dont ever blame Montana Who is to blame for the events of 1948? Discuss Montana 1948, by Larry Watson is novel set in American mid-west that raises a question who was to blame for the tragic events that occurred that summer. David Hayden the narrator of Montana re-collects placeful information that uphold his father Wesley Hayden losing control of himself and his emotion to his daughter-in-law due to the fact, she commented it was the wild west who was to blame.It became vivacious to the reader, that in response to Wesleys actions that Montana was truly important to him and he would not accept anyone that held Montana responsible from the events the occurred inside the summer of 1948. By clear stating that Montana was not to blame, Sheriff Hayden means that it was the whites in Montana as well as his family and himself who were held responsible from the events that arose at heart the summer of 1948. The whole white pop ulation at bottom Mercer County were partly responsible for the terrible events of Montana 1948.The social environment was one that favoured the white peoples value and discriminated against the Indians. The Indians lived away from the whites in little reservations all toldowing the Indians to have little or no contact with the white people. This had already proved the racial treatment within Montana. Furthermore Ollie Young stand out was an Indian but he was accepted from the whites because he lived as white. He was successful through every aspects of life and married a white woman. scarce the Indians, on the other hand had regard believing that Ollie young bear wouldnt be happy until he was white. The white societies within Montana were all well aware of the crimes displumeted by bounder against the Indians. When Wesley and Gail were to take action on the claims made by Marie about roughs wrongdoings, David heard a remark made by Daisy McAuley saying Just the squaws though. Daisy comment showed a racial statement about Indian women. It appeared that Daisy was justifying against Franks actions, because in her eyes Indian women were poor and deserved the way they were cosmos treated.After the conversation between Gail and Daisy, Gail informed Wesley that it was around town more than you realize. Gails statement proved that a lot of the citizens within Montana knew of Franks activities but choose to look away just like Len, representative Sheriff chose to do. It was the racial treatment of the white people that overlooked Franks actions which led them responsible for what occurred within the summer of 1948. Julian Hayden is the head of the family and holds great power within his family and the residential area.Therefore Wes has a boundless deal of obedience and loyalty towards him. When Gail informs Wes of Franks actions, Wes first response was I dont want this getting back to my father. This showed how important it was to Wes, that his father doe snt not get upset. However, it off out Julian already was well aware of his favourite sons wrongdoing but took it as a joke by stating I wouldnt be surprised if there werent some young ones out on the reservation who look a lot like your brother. Julian chose to side with Frank, as he thought very little of the Indians as he considered them to have lower military position compared to the whites. Julian challenged Wes comprise of his brother by saying Some Indian thinks he put his hands where he shouldnt and youre pulling out your badge? Furthermore Frank alike holds some responsibility to what happened in Montana. He abused his power as a doctor which led him to murder Marie Little Soldier and eventually commit suicide.Franks status in the community was that he was a genuine war hero and a doctor but sadly, he misused his status by molesting Indian girls and in some cases raping innocent women during private medical sessions. Frank was smart, because he knew no one would comfort him for his action because of the reputation of his family produce and by the fact he had power. When he went to examine Marie at Wesleys house, he made an assumption about Indian and how they are used to being treated by the medicine man. But a doctor comes around and they think hes the evil spirit. Throughout the novel, Wes makes a deal with Frank for him to stop what his doing and he wouldnt press charges, but when Frank murdered Marie just to get rid of his past and all the evidence, Wes doesnt hesitate to arrest his brother. Thus, Julian and Frank hold a countless obligation to the events that occurred within the summer of 1948. Finally, the keepers of the law, Sheriff Wesley Hayden and his deputy Len McAuley must hold responsibility for what events went wrong during the summer on 1948. As sheriff, Wes had a duty to ensure the law was being upheld equally for both races.He failed to do this for a long time, first by denying his brothers offences Im sure he does things to all his patients and later by denying his arrest, hell have to meet punishment in the hereafter. I wont do anything to arrange it in this life. Due to his lack of responsibility it led to the heartbreaking death of Marie and Davids entry fee of having to see his Uncle Frank at their house on the day of her death, this impacted Wesley to act upon his brother Frank. As a result of Wes arresting Frank, it causes further complications within the family.Julian responded by trying to part with Frank by using violence and then Frank taking his life. Wesley finally realized that postponing justice from an earlier stage of the events had himself in some parcel to the tragic deaths of Marie and Frank. It was Wes himself, who failed to uphold the law, had failed Marie and all the Indian women therefore he must be infernal for the tragedy, not Montana itself. However, Len failed to uphold his role as Deputy Sheriff, which acted upon his role in the tragedy.He obligated the Haydens, it was them that gave him his position as deputy I have this job. Deputy Sheriff, which I owe to your granddad and your dad, therefore he believed in knowing when to look and when to look away. Therefore, Len was both powerless and unwilling to challenge Wess inactions. Together, both these representatives of the law hold a responsibility to the events which occurred within Montana 1948. Montana 1948 clearly states that the events that occurred within the summer could not be blamed on the state itself.The Hayden was part of a culture that distinguished against the Indian people and overlooked crimes against these people. Due to the racism treatment the Indians coped from the white people it led Frank to get away with his corruptions. It seemed that the power, wealth and influence the Hayden had within the community was much more important than the rights of the Indians to receive justice and respect. Julian and Frank also take part of the blame due to them taking benefit of the power they had. In delaying justice for so long in order to protect his family, Wesley found himself denying justice towards the Indians and having obligation in the deaths of Marie and Frank. Wesley obviously admits that Montana shouldnt be blamed for the events the occurred within the summer of 1948, when he attacks his daughter-in-law by defending a topic that meant a lot to him. He indicates that the white citizens that lived in Montana at the time, his family and he himself were the ones who were to blame for the tragic events that occurred within Montana 1948.

Reaction on stress management seminar Essay

Stress Management Workshop spear thinkered by the Third Year Psychology Majors and their adviser Prof. Aminoding B. Limpao was successfully been carried out last March 03, 2013. The 4-hours exertion from 8am-12noon were offered to students like me who are taking up the subject Psychology as part of our Course. The objective of the said activity focuses on whats, wheres, whens and hows of the master(prenominal) topic which is STRESS itself.The workshop is rough the nature and definition of breed from where can we acquire it the duration and when provide it occur and the possible interventions and coping activities that will enable us to manage it. These subtopics were presented to us. Before I went to the venue that day, I was preoccupied with the idea about how the activity would go. Lots of questions were formulated inside my head as of that moment. I dont know exactly what to expect and what to look forward to.But there are just few things I am sure of, the learning and the kn owledge that I will be able to acquire after adds interest in me. I am just a student who crave for knowledge and who search for information which will have a relevant impact into my life in the field of academia and also in my e very(prenominal)day living. Just the thought of positive and informative activity in which I can lay down something out of it gives vigor and demand for me to really attend and discover how beneficial it could be to me.Since I have never been into such a Seminar Workshop involving Stress Management and its related topics, I choose to attend willingly aside from the compliance of this requirement. Together with my MSUan co-participants we were welcomed with the comfortable ambiance of the facilitating council with enthusiasm. I was amazed by the number of students willing to learn and secernate out how such an activity will help us. I saw familiar faces but most of them were new to my eyes. Having no idea about the run of the workshop puts a little tin ge of nervousness that grappled me.However, that strange feeling wear off as the opening of the workshop started. They facilitate ice-breakers and games so as to make us feel comfortable on them, the facilitators. They were very friendly and accommodating making us participant at ease in their hands. We were change integrity into groups composing 8-10 members. Each of the groups was isolated in a classroom and there the proper session was held.Inside the classrooms we did series of unexpected activities. I like the mood they conduct the whole session because its not a spoon-feeding type of lecture but a two-way process wherein interaction is there. The facilitators let us discover and evaluate ourselves through asking us questions that aids our learning. These are my summation and learning drawn from the activity in which the questions and objectives presented has been answered. I knowledgeable that stress is considered as expected or unexpected constraining force, influence, con ditions and the like.These stimuli are stressors which trigger a response from an individual and have relative install from hotshot soul to the other. Stress is a two-faced event that is either negative or positive. They are characterized because of the nature of the cause whether it is from anxiety and pressures that result into a negative effect or it from strivings and challenges that motivate an individual resulting into a positive outcome. With the statements on the latter I can say that stress doesnt only bring about negativities into our very lives but it also motivate us and compel us to become productive.If we dont recognized the stressors around us and felt accented out, probably we will not be able to accomplish tasks which are handed before us. Without stress we will not be able to give in order to attain or finish something. We get stress for some factors, external or internal factors. External factors are the environment, the people we get in touched with, the ac tivities we are facing every day, the conditions we are into. Internal factors may be classified into the mind setting that we have and the reactions we initiate upon subjected into a stressful situations.Sometimes its not always that other people or things are the very reason why we are stressed at times we create our own stress. Stress is everywhere, from the very day that we are born to the very last breath that we take in life. Therefore, we cannot really call up when this stressor will come to visit us. It is proper that we prepare ourselves anytime because during stressful situations our body reacts with it affecting the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of an individual that brings about change to the normal functioning. all in all of these aspects are interconnected with each other. We cannot really eradicate totally stress but at least we do steps which will lessen our pic to it and to avoid oneself be controlled by this stress. With these, in order to cope up with this and to get back on track is to gaincontrol over ones life. We do things which will lessen the baggage that we are bringing through the following activities diversional activities, finding company to be with, sleep, eat, watching movies, self-isolation and others. But for me the very useful way to manage stress is to identify it, reflect for positive mind-setting, plan acts that will compensate with it, do this acts for the betterment of one self and everything else will follow later on that will finally lead to stress managing and stress relief.I also learned that there are also techniques on how to manage stress by doing massage, nine-joint exercises, relaxation techniques like deep breathing and others. Human as we are, we are created differently from one another. A stress for one may not be a stress for the other. An intervention or coping mechanism against stress by certain may consider by another as an additional stressors. Therefore, we must try to manage ou rselves and recognize clearly our individual limits.The Stress Management Workshop, I may say, was a success. We learned a lot and at the same time we enjoyed the routines and sessions they conducted to us. Knowledge was acquired and rest assured this knowledge will be shared to others, be used in my daily living especially when Im under a stressful situation.

Team Ground Rules and Guidelines

What are the general expectations for on the whole members of the team?Sarah Dowling- It is our intent as a team to tend collaboratively to ensure all members thoughts, ideas, and scuttlebutt are shared, discussed, considered, and incorporated into the learning team assignments and projects. It is peoples barter to be accountable for his or her individual portion of the project and to strive to do their personal best.As a group we testament seek out opportunities within each others strengths to improve our shade of work and assist those team members who may struggle to do so. In the event disagreement occurs amid cohorts in regards to any one idea, including but not limited to substance, quality, or timeline of work submitted, team members allow vote to decide if the individual/ idea will continue to work with the group or project. distributively member must(prenominal) be committed to the teams academic achievement and success.Expectations for Time vigilance and Involvem ent (Participation, communication with the team, accessibility, etc.)Sarah Dowling- Our team will communicate frequently via e-mail and phone, as well as before and after class. Team members agree to attend all meetings inwhichever method possible. All persons must complete their portion of the agreed upon work in a timely manner that shall be fixed by the group as a whole.Ensuring Fair and Even Contribution and Collaboration What strategy will you use to ensure that all team members are contributing and collaborating appropriately? Describe the communication strategy you will use if a team member is not contributing and collaborating effectively.How will the team carry on conflicts between team members?Sarah Dowling- Team members will arrive on time to meetings and agree to share input and progress with his or her individual portion of teamwork. An absent team member accepts the decision of the team regarding recognition points recorded in the team log. It is each members respo nsibility to communicate to the team their expert availability, knowledge, and capability of completing the group assignments. Strategies to resolve poor work quality include additional tutoring and workshops to be completed by individuals as needed to ensure high academic achievement as the goal of the group.Special Considerations What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from gone team experiences?Sarah Dowling- By effectively communicating amongst each other and sharing ideas the team will be successful. A commitment to a timeline and a dedication to producing quality work will ensure that all team projects are executed with a high academic standard.

Macro environmental factors Essay

base on the movie Outsourced and you first two week study in the class, answer any quadrup permit of the following.Give appropriate deterrent examples from the movie Outsourced.1 Define dissentences between east and Western Culturea Food Food differs from place to place but there is an huge difference in easterly and western regimen where as western culture tends to eat more cheesy and fast food as compared to east cultures they prefer more of curries and noodlesb Way of Conversation This difference between eastern and western culture shows us that both cultures having entire different way of conversationc Accents Eastern and Western culture dont only differ in language but differ in the accent they have as wellA) When Mr. Todd first came to India and has street food and fells sick for a day or two, this shows that people with different food culture cannot handle separate food as they handle their ownB) This can be seen when the aunty asks Todd about his flavour, salary and g irlfriends where Mr. Todd Didnt expected this at few of first decentings but for the people of india its an normal conversationC) This can be seen when Todd and Asha meet first time in a meeting where Asha tells Mr. Todd that they have different ways of pronouncing and then she gives an example of the world Internet and how both cultures pronounce it2 Define ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge all other groups according to thestandards, behaviors, and customs of ones own group ( Bovee, C. L. & Thill, J. V (2008) p. 60-83 )When Mr. Todd first came to India he started to fly the coop his hometown and his own culture and in the movie where he goes to get a beef burger so urgently but he cant get one3 Define stereotypingStereotyping is assigning generalise attributes to an individual on the basis of membership in a particular group( Bovee, C. L. & Thill, J. V (2008) p. 60-83)4 Define pagan diversityThe ability of an individual or a group to merge or diverge in diff erent cultures can be defined as cultural diversity(Fhsu.edu, (2014). What is cultural Diversity Fort Hays State University. online Available at http//www.fhsu.edu/diversity-affairs/what-is-diversity)That moment when Mr. Todd and Puru are having drinks together. Mr. Puru being a stereotype says that why do all Americans dont live with their parents when they spring up up and are settled in their lifeThe Part where Todd starts to give in and enjoy his life in India by celebrating holy festival this can be called cultural diversityCompulsory- Reflection on your cultural self-identity (200 words)I grew up in a small city Hyderabad of Pakistan and later on go to Karachi. My dad came from Iran where as my mom was born in Hyderabad, as Sindhi being my mother tongue, Urdu national and slope official I was ableto speak all of them. In the beginning of this year I travel to Australia to complete my studies where I knowing different cultures of the world. Met almost every nationality of people. Life was bit tough in the beginning I had hard time making friends but as the time passed I learned a lot about Australia and its culture I was able to communicate people around me and easily and gradually I was mixing in Aussie Culture.People here are so sports oriented which let me improve my game of basketball as I learned a lot of new techniques of play. I saw people having dinner at 6 pm where back home people started preparedness for dinner at 8 30 but later I found myself following the kindred routine. In this one year I learned so much about the different cultures of the world and how to socialize or a have a good conversation with people of different cultures which providential me a lot, that now I want to travel all around the world and make friends.

Eu Integration Theories-Neofunctionalism

EEU Integration TheoriesNeo-Functionalism some(prenominal) comprehensive surmise of consolidation should potenti anyy be a possibleness of disintegration. (Schmitter, 2002 4) Introduction Neo-functionalism, as the premier integration opening of EU to form a regional cooperation, is a theory of collective security and collective developing but there was a compromise, a negative side interdependence sometimes excessively? to a international authority and the risk of by-passing of nation state.The balance of the scale was rather sensitive and it was both back up and rejected by many passionately. This paper tries to find an answer to the question What is the significance of the neo-functionalist theory for integration fulfil of the EU and what are the dynamics and causes of the decline in mid 1960s and its renaissance afterwards 1980s? and deals with the theory from a in truth limited vista. Its predecessors and successors allow be kept out of preaching but a enveloping (prenominal) experience to the levels of neo-functionalism will be provided.The principal(prenominal) line of descent of this paper is that, in its first phase between 1950s until the mid 1960s, neo-functionalism suffered from abstraction of the power of nation state in a period in which supranational governance was not thoroughly internalized whereas, with the deepening of integration work and theoretical contributions by scholars, enabled neo-functionalism to see the reality of integration through and through a more realist and mature perspective and to be more comprehensive in terms of realizing the power of myriads of actors in the integration cover during its aid phase after mid 1980s.In the first part, definition of neo-functionalism and its importance in the post WW II consideration will be disposed(p). In the irregular part, the theory will be clear up with its core concepts and in the third part, criticisms of the theory will be given from both falsifiable an d theoretical grounds. In the angiotensin-converting enzyme-fourth and last part, the recent history of neo-functionalism will be evaluated and the revival period will be elabotared in connection with the recent aspects of atomic number 63an integration. 1. Definition of Neo-functionalism and its importance in the post WW II context The Europe after the two world wars had a catastrophic burden.Although numbers vary, around 35 million in the first and around 55 million casualties depicted the highest number of losses in the history of mankind. As a precursor to United Nations, League of Nations failed to pr collect downt the road to the second world war mainly collect to lacking an armed forces of its own moreover, nation states hardly had the enthusiasm to support any arrangement that limited their reign. The pain and destruction after the two wars created an incentive to cooperate for tho economic and man losses.Neo-functionalism is conceptualized by Ernst B. Haas in this c ontext to explain boosting of regional cooperation and create interdependence in such a way that any conflict would result in great economic losses, which prevents rational states from further conflicts. so came along the political project of creating a united Europe, which had the result of creating a myriad of institutions in which very, very many nation participated. These institutions developed a permanence through which both French and German conditi aned to do routine business with each some other every day.A problem which they experienced was a unwashed problem. first comes the traumatic lesson, then comes the institution for learning to deal with each other (Haas, 2000 16 in Risse, 20041). The case of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was the example that Haas took to exemplify this cooperation to integration process. The ECSC was the first musical arrangement based on supranational integration, with the states that composed them pooling a whole range of natio nal powers (European Nagivator, The European Communities).Until it was interconnected to the European Commission in 1967, The High Authority governed the ECSC to provide a common market in terms of coal and steel. The Six (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) opted for integration and supranationalism as the means of unification. (Henig, 199712) For Haas, political integration is the process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations, and political activities toward a radical centre, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre- active national states (Haas 1958,16).According to neo-functionalist thinking the fundamental mood was that international relations shouldnt be seen as a zero sum game, and that everybody wins when countries become regard in processes of economic and political integration (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 200784). The main reason for this argumen ts is one of the key concepts of neo-functionalism, namely dischargeover, which will be substantiated in the next part. 2. Main concepts of Neo-functionalist theory The Spillover dissertationNeo-functionalist theory assumes that cooperation in a original area triggers cooperation in several other areas areas (sometimes not oldly planned ones) to achieve a through integration in the original area and creates new political goals (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 200784). According Neo-functionalism the logic of spillover is profound to explain the expansive logic of European integration and in this part three main types of spill over will be briefly identified to understand this expansive logic with a closer view.The first type of spill over is the functional or technical spillover, which suggests some sectors are so interdependent to each other that, it is impossible to iso recently them and further integration is the key to prevent further problems. In other words, it takes place when int egration in one industry/sector creates its own urge and necessitates further integration both in the alike, and in other industries/sectors (Howell, 200217).The second type is the political spillover correspond to which policy areas are purposefully linked together payable to ideological reasons, sometimes as computer software deals (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 200785). With such integration, the actors will realise their benefits in the international level instead of national one and form international coalitions (Haas, 196834). So the elites will learn to pursue their benefits in the international level and refocus their activities, expectations and even loyalties to the new center (Tranholm-Mikkelsen, 19914).The third type of spillover is the cultivated spillover which puts emphasis on rudimentary institutions deal the Commission in particular when nation states arent willingful for further integration. So it is assumed that the European Commission will be pro-active in the m anagement of European integration (Howell, 200217). But the important point here is that the central institutions such as the Commission act not only as mediators, but also more directly as agents of political integration or as policy enterpreneurs (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 200785).Elite Socialization and international Interest Group Thesis The second and the third thesis of neo-functionalism are elite socialization thesis and supranational absorb conclave thesis. The elite socialization thesis describes that over time civil servants and politicians confused on a regular basis in the supranational policy process will be given to develop European loyalties and preferences (Mailand, 20056). This loyalty would result in prioritizing the European interests rather than the national ones in the mannikin of pan-European norms and ideas.This formation of European-minded agents result in a common European identity. The latter one, the supranational interest group thesis, reasons the pre sence of interest groups putting pressure on governments to accelerate the integration process based on their economic and political interests. Organized interest groups are also expected to become more European, as corporations and business groups formulate their own interests with an eye to the supranational institutions (Stroby-Jensen in Cini, 200787).They may ally themselves with supranational institutions desire the European Commission in pursuing their agendas (Ozcan, 20088). 3. Main criticisms for the Neo-functionalist theory The power of a theory is closely related with its accuracy of prediction. That is why neo-functionalism was considered to be quite convincing around 1950s and 1960s. From the middle of 1960 the theory suffered a great deal due(p) to the incompatibilities with reality until its renaissance around mid 1980s due to the festerings in integration process.But in this part the main criticisms towards neo-functionalism before its revival will be elaborated w ith its imperfections under empirical and theoretical grounds. From an empirical grounds perspective, due to its attempt for being a gigabyte theory, neo-functionalist school put forward some great assumptions, the nearly attention drawing of which is the emphasis on incremental integration rather than with fluctuations during the integration process of Europe.On the one hand, compared to its predecessor functionalism (as mentioned at the beginning of the paper, due to the limitations, the contextual approach to neo-functionalism is abstracted from this paper), neo-functionalism takes into consideration the non-automated integration but on the other hand, ironically, based on spill over concept, neo-functionalism did not take into consideration the possibility of spill-back until the middle of 1960s, which can shortly be secured as the process of disintegration and withdraw from joint obligations (Schmitter, 200220), and downgrading their commitment to mutual cooperation.The most evident example would be the Empty Chair Crisis From 30 June 1965 to 29 January 1966, in disagreement with the Commission of the European Communities on the financing of the common agricultural policy (CAP), Frances representatives refuse to attend any intergovernmental meetings of the Community bodies in Brussels (European Navigator, The Empty Chair Crisis). The French president Charles de Gaulle who had a military background created a long crisis which ended up with the Luxembourg Compromise in 1966.The main reason for this was the gradual transition from firm voting to qualified-majority voting as provided for in the Treaty of Rome with effect from 1966 (Europa Glossary, Luxembourg Compromise). The crisis due to the intergovernmental view of French government formed the end of the first phase of neo-functionalism, leaving its place to a nation-state reign perception of integration. From a theoretical grounds perspective, neo-functionalist school was criticized for the inabil ity to predict the nature of integration.Concerning this, even Haas himself adjudge that What once appeared to be a distinctive supranational? style now looks more like a huge regional bureaucratic appendage to an intergovernmental conference in permanent session. (Haas, 19756). As it is mentioned in the empirical grounds part, the concept of spill over was seen not to reflect the realities of integration process all the time. The second important critique from a theoretical point of view is towards the elite socialization thesis, which mainly assumes the development of supranational loyalties and identities.This criticism argues that in fact it is not possible to separate the servants from their national roots and even if they are paid and appointed by a supranational authority, they may still have a larger ear (Dihm, 2010 Field Trip to Brussels Meeting) for their national backgrounds either due to due their previous networks or nationalist sentiments. The third criticism focuses on the nature of neo-functionalism, which gives the main importance on the supranational character of international relations.Again taking into consideration the empirical criticism, the intergovernmental aspect was underestimated in case of national interests by the neo-functionalist school and the main criticism was towards an abbreviation which is more centered on intergovernmental aspects. 4. The revival of Neo-functionalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s Although Neo-functionalism lost its popularity after the middle of 1960s (after a period of popularity in 1950s and first half of 1960s), it started to gain its popularity due to the revitalization of EU integration process.This renewed interest is closely associated with the Single European Act (1986) which brought forward creation of an internal market in EU until 1992. To facilitate the establishment of the internal market, the act provides for increasing the number of cases in which the Council can take decisions by qu alified majority voting instead of unanimity (Europa. eu, Single European Act). This accelerated the integration process in many ways besides removing trade barriers only, making the concept of spillover frequently referred to once over again after a long slumber.Nevertheless according to some, this renewal would not be sufficient to understand the one-dimensional progression of social events. As social scientists, we wish for theories about the social world to build on each other in some linear fashion but more often than not we observe, instead, a cyclical pattern by which different schools of thought replace each other in commanding out attention over time. Leading figures in the various theoretical traditions follow this same pattern (Orru, 1988115).But this was merely a cyclical pattern in fact when a closer analysis is made concerning the main theoretical aspects of the renaissance of neo-functionalism. After the theory strengthened by the developments in EU, the most signif icant contribution came from Alec Stone Sweet and Wayne Sandholtzs European Integration and Supranational Governance. Their main argument is given at the beginning of their article as We argue that European integration is create and sustained by the development of causal connections between three factors transnational exchange, supra-national organization, and European Community (EC) rule-making. (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997297) and their main emphasis is on cross-border transactions and communications that generate a social demand for EC rules and principle and institutionalization due to EC rules and as endresult this process provokes further integration (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997297). As seen above, their theory is based on a sense of causality and their position is in between the intergovernmental and supranational politics which is seen as a continuum and the continuum measures the increasing influences of three factors on policy-making processes and outcomes within any g iven policy sector.These factors are (1) supranational organizations (2) supranational rules and (3) transnational society (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997303). Bargaining takes place between a number of actors to decide on which end of the continuum is more predominant during the decision making process nevertheless, since they also take into consideration the intergovernmental aspect, they argue the grand bargains are, by definition, intergovernmental (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997307).They not only take into consideration the intergovernmental policies, but also accept them existing in all stages and parts of the decision making system by saying In fact, intergovernmental decision-making is omnipresent in the EC, present even at the far right-hand pole of our continuum which is Supranational Politics (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997306).What they take as their starting point to their theory constitutes the core point of their argument, which is the society as the determinant actor esp ecially non-state actors who engage in trans-actions and communications across national borders, within Europe (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997306). It will be the people to demand a certain standard of European rules standards and as transnational exchange rises, so does the social demand for supranational rules and organizational capacity to regulate (Stone-Sweet, Sandholtz, 1997306).Stone-Sweet and Sandholtz also make a check of their argument by looking at Eurosclerosis. The period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s in the context of European integration is often referred to as an era of stagnation or eurosclerosis. (Awesti, 20062). Stone-Sweet and Sandholtz argue that during this period starting from the Empty Chair Crisis to The Single European Act in other words In the worst days of Eurosclerosis in the 1970s, levels of intra-EC trade and other forms of exchange soared and they point out a direct correlation between the integration process and the exchanges that take place.A s seen, transaction based integration theory is depicted as a process which is mainly impelled by the volume of transactions taking place for a thorough integration process by triggering a vast extent of regulations in myriads of areas. Conclusion Mentioned as the first words of this paper Any comprehensive theory of integration should potentially be a theory of disintegration (Schmitter, 20024), Schmitter highlights that the strength and helplessness of neo-functionalism is rather similar and what creates integration may end up with disintegrative consequences.Being accepted as the first of the integration theories, neo-functionalism has had a very debated place due to its defying characteristics against the sovereignty of nation states. When all the information given above is summed up, it would be possible to say that the time span in which a theory exists in, is polar for its existence. In other words, the perceptions and conditions of its age is of great importance to decide on the consistency of a theory.Neo-functionalism suffered due to the theoretical assumptions and the realities of integration process in its first phase nevertheless, the notion of supranationality seemed to be better absent-minded and digested by the nation-states in its second phase. Another significant determinant factor about the life of a theory that one can deduct by looking at the example of neo-functionalism is the level of abstractions. How much a theory shall abstract and accept is a major question and although in the first phase Haas didnt totally deny the authority of nation-states, due to the sensitivities of the age, the theory weakened considerably.Even if they don? t define themselves as neo-functionalists, Stone-Sweet and Sandholtzs approach to integration process as a continuum between the two poles of sovereignty brought a fresh start for the decision-making and integration process of EU. All in all, today neo-functionalism with its renewed form, is one of the m ost significant theories to observe and understand the dynamics of integration process of EU together with all the bargaining process that takes place between the actors involved.

Cnps 365 Midterm 1 Notes

Chapter 4 & 5 Psychoanalytic Therapy Sigmund Freud. Freuds psychoanalytic body = instance of personality development, approach to psych otherapy very much a benchmark customd for other theories Freudian compute of human nature = deterministic Behaviour contumacious by irrational forces, un conscious(p) mind motivations 0biological/instinctual drives, evolve through key psycho versed stages in first 6 years of demeanor Instincts cardinal Libido = energy of exclusively smell instincts Libido, start of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it Both sexual and aggressive drives ar healthy determinants of why plurality cause as they do Psychoanalytical view three systems for personality id, ego, superego Id = biological, ego = psychological, superego = social Humans = energy systems Id, original system of personality, at birth person is all id. Primary source of psychic energy and seat of instincts. Blind, demanding, insistent, lacks organization. cig bette non birth tension and discharges tension immediately. Ruled by pleasure principle (reducing tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure). Id is Illogical, amoral, satisfy instinctual needs, neer matures. Doesnt destine, acts or wishes, largely unconscious. Ego governs, controls, regulates personality. Controls consciousness and exercises censorship. Realistic and logical thought, formulates plans of acitons for satisfying needs. Ego checks and controls silver screen impulses of id, ego make lovees between mental images and things in external demesne. Superego is judical branch of personality. Includes moral code, main c be of whether process is good/right/wrong/bad. Superego reprents determine/ideals of society as they are handed down from generations. Inhibits the id impulses, to mold ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection. Supergego related to psychological rewards and punishments Dreams, slips of tongue and forgetting, posthyp notic uggestions, visible derived from free-association techniques, material derived from jutive techniques, symbolic content of psychotic symptoms all represent unconscious. Unconscious stores experiences memory and repressed material bet of psychoanalytic therapy is to make unconscious motives conscious. Anxiety feeling of dread from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences Anxeity develops from conflicts amongst id,ego, and super ego. Anxeity warns of impending risk of exposure 3 Types of misgiving, reality, neurotic, moral Reality anxiety upkeep of danger from external world Neurotic and moral anxiety evoked by threats to balance of power within person Neurotic anxiety is fear that instinct provide get off of hand Moral anxiety is fear of ones conscience Ego-defense mechanisms dish out with anxiety, prevent ego from being overwhelmed. Defense mechanisms either deny/distort reality, or operate on unconscious level Psychosexual stages = Freudian developmen t Typical defense mechanisms Repression, Denial, Reaction formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Sublimation, Regression, Introjection, Identification, Compensation Freuds psychosexual stages of development oral stage, anal stage, phallic, stage Oral stage inability to conceive self na others = fear of loving, close familys, low self-esteem Anal stage inability to recognize and dribble anger, leads to self-discip sop up of ones power and lack of thought of autonomy Phallic stage, inability to richly accept ones sexuality and sexual feelings, difficult to accept self as man or woman.All done within first 6 years of look, Oral(0-1), Anal (1-3) Phallic(3-6). First 6 years are foundation, if needs not met during development whitethorn become psychologically immature Eriksons Psychosocial Perspective Psychosexual + psychosocial development occurs together, each stage of heart, face with task of establishing equilibrium. Crisis = turning point with potential to m ove forward or regress Classical analytic thinking grounded on id psychological science Contemporary psychoanalysis based on ego psychology Freudian goals acknowledge making the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego Blank Screen Approach anonymous military capability Transference consanguinity, the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early family relationship to other important people in a persons present environment Attention given to clients resistances. Analysts find outs for gaps, inconsistencies, free associations, infers intends of dream Psychoanalytic therapy is sensibly like putting pieces of puzzles together Free association say whatever comes to find, no self censorship (classical psychoanalysis) typical laying on a couch scenario Transference clients unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to signifi enkindlet others in the clients past.Involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present workings through exploration of unconscious material and defenses. Results in resolution of old pattrerns allows clients to make new choices Countertransference, when healer respond in irrational ways because their own conflicts trigger Psychodynamic therapy geared to limted butts than to restructuring personality. Therapist lesss likely to use couch, fewer academic sessions per week, frequent use of supportive interventions, much(prenominal) self disclosure by therapist, focus more on pressing practical concerns than on fantasy material. set abouted at increasing awareness, fostering insights into clients behaviour 6 basic techniques binding the analytic framework, free association, interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference Carl Jungs analytical psychology is a explaination of human nature that combines ideas from history mythology anthropology and religion. Jung more focus on finding the meaning in life as opposed to being driven by psychological and biological forces described by Freud. Jung shaped by past and also future Present personality shaped by w ho and what we birth been and aspire to be Persona mask/public face we wear to nurture ourselves Animus and anima = two biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity Shadow deepest roots and most powerful and dangerous of all archetypes, Jung dreams are a pathway into unconscious, but they garter people prepare themselves for experiences and events in the future, and work to bring a balance between opposites in a person. More of an attempt to express then to repress and disguise. Ego psychology developed largely by Erikson Psychoanalyitcal therapy, more concerned with spacious term personality reconstruction than short term problem solving Chapter 5 Alfred Adler Individual psychological science Individual begins to form approach to life somewhere in first 6 years of dungeon Humans motivated primarily by social relatedness Beha viour is purposeful and goal directed, more conscious than not Focused on inferiority feelings wellspring of creativity Human behaviour not containd by heredity and environment, content to interpret influence and crap events Biological and environmental causations limit our capacity to choose and to create Approach is holistic, social.Goal oriented, systemic, humanistic View world from clients subjective perception of reference = phenomenological, pays oversight to how people perceive their world Individual Psychology Alfred Adler Must fully transform all separate of an individual Determinstic explainations replaced with teleological (purposive, goal-oriented) ones. Interested in future without minimizing importance of past influences, decisions based on a persons experiences and on direction they are moving Adler influenced by fiction Fictional finalism, imagined central goal that guides a persons behaviour Striving torward superiority or perfection Guiding self-ideal repre sents individuals image of goal of perfection lower rank not a negative factor in life, when experienced first in life, we are pulled by striving for superiority. Cope with helplessness by striving for competence mastery and perfection Life musical mode A individuals core beliefs and assumptions guide each persons movement through life and organize his or her reality giving meaning to life events plan of life, style of life, strategy for living and road symbolise of life Develop a style of life through striving for goals and superiority Unique style is rimarily created during first 6 years of life, subsequent events may have effect on development of our personality. Experiences not a decisive factor itself, but a interpretation of these events that shape personality Can reframe childhood experiences and consciously create a new style of life Social elicit action line of ones fellowship feeling, it is the capacity to cooperate and contribute to community.Striving for a better f uture for humanity Social elicit is innate, but also mustiness be taught learned and used Social interest is central index number of health, feelings of inferiority and alienation diminish as social interest is developed. Expressed through shared drill and mutual respect Community feeling feelings of being connected to all of humanity, and being involved in making the world a better place. Lack of this causes people to become discouraged and end up on useless expression of life. Anxiety is the result of not feeling belonged. Must master 3 universal life tasks building friendships, establishing intimacy, contributing to society. 2 added ones by mosak and dreikurs getting along with ourselves and developing our spiritual dimension Gives special attention to relationships between siblings and psychological birth position in ones family Five positions oldest, bite of only(prenominal) two, middle, youngest, and only Actual birth order less important than persons own view of whe re they are Family relationships earliest and mots influential social system.Theory is of a social one Therapeutic process - forming a relationship based on mutual respect, lifestyle perspicacity disclosing mistaken goals and imperfect assumptions - reeducation of client towards useful side of life. Main aim to develop clients wiz of belonging and assist in adoption of behaviours and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest. Accomplished by increasing clients self awareness, and challenging and modifying his or her fundamental expound life goals and basic concepts. Alderians favour addition model of personality more then sickness model Treatment focused on providing info, teaching, guiding, providing encouragement to discouraged individuals. Engouragement is most powerful method available for changing persons belief and helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage Courage willingness to act even when fearful in ways that are consistent with socia l nterest Goals Fostering social interest, helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority, modifying clients views and goals (changing their lifestyle), changing faulty motivation, encouraging the individual to recognize equality among people, helping people to become contributing members of society. Therapists look for major mistakes in thinking/values ie mistrust selfishness unrealistic ambition lack of confidence Therapists determine early social influences through a family constellation Early recollections also used as discernment They are stories of events that a person SAYS occurred before 10 years of age Useful to help understand the client Process of gathering early recollections is part of lifestyle assessment, schooling dread goals and motivations of client Dreams help bring problems to surface and points to patients movement Adlerian counselling focus on desired outcomes Private Logic concepts close to self, others, and life that constitute th e philosophy on which an individuals life style is based Steps in therapy name proper therapeutic relationship Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment) set ahead the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose) Help the client make new choices ( reorientation and reeducation). Labelled as Adlerian brief therapy Step 1 Establish Relationship seek to make person to person contact with clients rather then beginning with problem.Initial focus on person, not problem. Therapists provide support. Pay more attention to subjective experiences of clients than techniques. Step 2 Explore individuals psychological dynamics deeper understanding of indivduals lifestyle. Proceeds from two reference forms, subjective interview and objective interview. Subjective interview, counsellor helps client tell his/her life story as completely as possible.Throughout interview, listen for purposive aspects of clients coping and approaches to life, extract variants and develop hypotheses about what works for client. Often end subjective interview with question, how would your life be different, what would you be doing differently if problem was not present. Objective interview respects cultivation about how the problem began, any precipitating events, medial history, social history, reasons client chose therapy at this time, persons coping with life tasks, lifestyle assessment Adler suggests it was hrough family constellation that each person forms his unique view of self others and life Adlerian assessment relies on exploration of clients family constellation Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories, we will remember the special ones that project essential convictions Use early recollectio9n to assess persons convictions of self, others life, ethics, assessment of clients stance in relation to the counselling session and counselling relationship, verification of coping patterns, assessment of individual strengths assets and interfering ideas After gathering info from both types of interviews, integration and summary is next General mistakes Overgeneralization, False or impossible goals of security, Misperceptions of life and lifes demands, minimization or denial of ones basic worth, faulty values. Phase 3 Encourage Self-Understanding and Insight Self understanding only possible when hidden purposes and goals of behaviour are made conscious. Interpretation deals with clients underlying motives for behaving the way they do in present. Adlerian interpretation usually are hunches and gusses. Phase 4 Reorientation and Reeducation Focuses on helping people discover new and more functional perspectives. Clients encouraged to develop courage to take risks and make changes in their lives. expect to guide patients into the useful side of life at this point ( contributing to society, confidence, acceptance of imperfection, courage etc). rise very important in this step. Encouragement process hel ps build courage.Encouragement involves showing doctrine in people, expecting them to slang responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are. Discouragement is basic condition that prevents people from functioning, encouragement is the antidote. Clients make decisions and modify their goals in reorientation stage. Commitment very essential if they want to change. Counsellors seek to make difference in lives of their clients. Focus more on motivation modification rather then behavioural change. Based on a growth model, not medical model Flexible Chapter 6 Existential Therapy More of a way of thinking than any style of psychotherapy Neither ndependent nor separate school of therapy, nor neatly defined model with peculiar(prenominal) techniques Best described as a philosophical approach which influences a counsellors therapeutic perform Grounded on assumption that were free, therefore responsible for all our choices and actions, we are authors of our lives and desi gn the pathways we follow Rejects deterministic view of human nature espoused by psychoanalysis (Psychonanalysis sees freedom resitrcted by unconscious forces, irrational drives, past events, date behaviourists see freedom restricted by socioculture conditioning) We are not victims of circumstances because we are what we choose to be. Aim of therapy is to encourage clients to reflect on life, recognize their range of alternatives and decide amongst them. Once individuals recognize their role in creating their own life situation, they realize they have the power to change it One of the aims is to challenge people to time period deceiving themselves regarding their lack of responsibility for whats happening to them and their excessive demands on life Doesnt view client as ill, and curing them like a medical model, but rather sick of life or gawky at living. Attention given to clients present experiences with goal of helping them develop a greater nominal head in their life quest B asic task to encourage clients to explore all their options for creating meaning(prenominal) foundation European existential perspective focused on human point of accumulations + tragic dimensions of life Soren Kierkegaard primary concern of angst ( lies between dread and anxiety) Need knowledge of angst to become human. Need the willingness to risk a leap of faith in making choices Freidrich Nietzsche Importance of subjectivity. Kierkegard and Nietzsche considered originators of existential perspective Martin Heidegger We exist in the world, dont supply to think of ourselves as being apart from the world which were thrown Moods and feelings are a way of understanding whether were living authentically or not.Phenomenology provides a view of human history that doesnt focus on past events but motivates individuals to look forward to authentic experiences Jean-Paul Sartre Failure to acknowledge our freedom and choices results in aroused problems. Freedom is hard to face up to, invent excuses in bad faith. Existence is not refractory nor finished, when attempting to pin down who we are, we take on in self deception Martin Buber Humans live in betweenness, never just an I but always an other. Stresses Presence, which enables true I/Thou relationships Allows for meaning to exist in a situation Enables an individual to be responsible in the present. When a client therapist relationship becomes equal, we become dialogic Ludwig Binswanger Addresses relationship between person and his/her environment. Thrown into the world but still responsible for our choices and formulation for future.Existential analysis emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human humankind. Medard Boss Being-in-the-world, aboility to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to these events. Therapist must enter clients subjective world without presuppositions. Key figure Viktor Frankl for Existential Psychotherapy galore(postnominal) people have means to live, bu t no meaning to live for. Therapeutic process aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose through suffering work and love Therapist must be in touch with his own phenomenological world Givens of existence last freedom, responsibility, existential isolation, and meaninglessness. Bases therapy based on understanding of what it means to be human Focus on the individuals experience of being in the world alone and facing anxiety of the isolation Believe humans are in constant extract of transition, emerging, evolving, and becoming. Basic dimensions of human condition Capacity for self-awareness freedom and responsibility creating ones identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals anxiety as a condition of living awareness of ending and nonbeing. Capacity for Self-Awareness Can reflect and make choices as we are capable of self awareness. Greater the awareness, greater the possibilities for freedom.C apacity to live fully expands as we expand awareness on areas such as were finite and dont have unlimited time to do what we want potential to take action or not to act choose our actions meaning is discovering how were situated in the world then living creatively increase our sense of responsibility for consequences of choices through increased awareness subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt and isolation alone, yet we have an chance to relate to others. Decision to expand fundamental to human growth. Increasing self awareness goal for all therapy Freedom and Responsibility freedom implies responsibility for our own lives. Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded committal or choosing not to choose.Authenticity implies were living by being true to our own evaluations of what a valuable existence is to oneself. Being free and being human are the same. Assuming responsibility is the basis for change. Striving for individualism and Relationship to Other s Creating an identity requires courage, strive for connectedness with others. Awareness of our finite nature gives us appreciation of crowning(prenominal) concerns. Courage entails the will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations. Self awareness can help make everything easier for the client, and clients having the courage to admit things is a good indicator. Strength of aloneness, isolation.A function of therapy is to help clients distinguish between a neurotically dependent attachment to another and a life affirming relationship in which both persons are enhanced. Fear of dealing with aloneness can cause one being trapped. essay for meaning Existential therapy can provide framework for helping clients challenge the meaning in their lives. Therapists trust is important in helping clients trust their own capacity to discover a new source of values. Meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness, or a existential vacuum. Often happens when people a re not busying themselves. Establishing values that are part of a meaningful life are issues that become the heart of counselling. Logotherapy designed to help clients find a meaning in life.Therapist should be pointing out clients can discover meaning even in suffering. Shows human suffering can be moody to human achievement. Like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. Anxiety as a condition of living Anxiety arises from personal strivings to blend in and maintain and assert ones being. Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with givens of existence finis, freedom, choice, isolation, meaninglessness. Existential anxiety can be a input for growth. Anxiety can indicate when a person is ready for personal change. Cant survive without anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is out of proportion to the situation, not aware of it, and tends to immobilize a person.Van deurzen says that existential therapy not to make life seem easier or more comfortable, but to en courage clients to recognize and deal with sources of their peril and anxiety. More self confidence leads to less anxiety. Awareness of Death and Nonbeing Death is not negatively, but exact awareness to death as a basic human condition which gives significance to living. Necessary to think of death when thinking significantly of life. Death should be a motivation to live fully. Awareness of death is a source for zest for life and creativity. People who fear death fear life. Realization of death makes us realize more clearly our actions count, we have choices, we must accept responsibility for how well we are living. Existential therapy considered an invitation to clients to recognize the ways in which they arent living a fully authentic life and to help them make choices that will lead to what they are capable of being. Assist clients moving toward authenticity and attainment to recognize when they are deceiving themselves No escape from freedom, we are always responsible Helps c lients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on the authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence take clients to listen to what they know of themselves Assist clients in recognizing they arent fully present in therapy and to show them how the pattern may limit them outside of therapy support clients in confronting anxieties help clients redefine themselves Increased awareness is central goal Therapist need to understand subjective world of client Clients are expected to go out into world and decide how theyll live differently and must be active in therapy process, as they must decide what fears guilt and anxieties they will explore Major themes of therapy sessions include anxiety, freedom, responsibility, search for identity, living authentically, isolation, alienation, death and its implications for living, continual search for meaning. Assist people in facing life with courage hope and a willingness to find meaning in life Therapists strive to create caring and inti mate relationships with clients, core of the relationship is respect. Display genuine concern and empathy. Not technique oriented Priority to understand the clients world. In initial phase, therapist assists clients in identifying and clarifying assumptions of the world. In middle phase, clients encouraged to fully examine source and function of their present value system. Final phase focuses on helping people take what they are learning of themselves and put it into action Appropriate for people with developmental crises, experiencing grief and loss, confronting death, facing a major life decision Most appropriate for clients that are commited to dealing with their problems about living and for people who feel anomic from the current expectations of society or those searching for the meaning of their lives Highly relevant in multicultural context, doesnt have a particular way of viewing or relating to reality, broad perspective Main limitation is the level of maturity, life exper ience, and intensive training thats required of practitioners. Chapter 1, 2, 3 Counselor must be authentic and shed stereotypes, otherwise client will keep themselves hidden Therapists serve as models for clients, clients will take from us. Effective therapists have Identity, respect and appreciate themselves, open to change, make choices that are life oriented, authentic, sincere, honest, sense of humor, make mistakes and willing to admit them, live in present, appreciate influence of culture, have sincere interest in welfare of others, effective interpersonal skills, deeply involved in their work, are passionate, able to maintain healthy boundaries Having been a patient first greatly contributes to being a counsellor Counsellors role is to create a climate in which clients can express themselves and arrive at solutions that are best for them, and their values not your own. Mandatory ethics view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice Aspirat ional ethics higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interest of clients Positive ethics do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble hard-fought to strike a balance for informed consent