What Causes Gemstones to Get Their Color

Argumentative Essay on Whether Anger Is Ever Beneficial

Argumentative Essay on Whether Anger Is Ever Beneficial Is Anger Ever Beneficial? Anger is one of the most controversial emotions in people’s life and psychology. So many discussions are held on its drawbacks and the way it harms both people who experience it and their surrounding, on the ways of controlling or suppressing it, and so on. But why? And can anger be beneficial? This emotion can be defined in many different ways, but all of them have common ground – it is an emotional response to a perceived provocation. It is one of the strongest feelings people can ever feel and it can drive them to the most different actions, of which people often regret after calming down. People can even resort to some illegal and irretrievable actions in a fit of rage. Due to this reason, psychologists work on different ways to control this feeling, or eliminate it completely. But to my mind, to eliminate or suppress it completely is not a reasonable option, as anger has also positive benefits that cannot be undermined. People feel well when they are able to realize their potential and don’t limit themselves with something they find unnecessary. If they suppress anger for some time, they can simply explode with this emotion in any unexpected moment that can be the most inappropriate one, which can even put an end to their career or family life, for instance. Thus, anger is necessary for our life to be complete. Another question is finding the moment to express it that will not harm neither you, nor the people around you. To my mind, the best way to get rid of this emotion is beat a pillow, for instance, or go in for sports. On balance, there are so many ways in which people can express and control anger in a way that is beneficial for them. The only thing left is to master the most wide-spread techniques and implement them into your life. The result will be really rewarding.

The doctrine of direct effect has been fundamentally undermined by the Court of Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2159 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The European Court of Justice (ECJ) devised the direct effect doctrine to give international treaties EU legal effect. The doctrine permits individuals to rely on European law in proceedings taken against EU Member States. This paper discusses selected direct effect cases decided since the seminal ECJ Van Gend en Loos decision to highlight persistent direct effect ambiguities and contradictions. Suggested law reforms are also provided in the Conclusion. Historical Background In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ determined it did not have jurisdiction to decide whether international law can override domestic law. The Treaty was only intended for interstate compliance; direct effect is contrary to such intention. The ECJ decided that EU treaties must promote a community not only of states but also of persons, [requiring] participation of all persons, with community law [intended] to confer upon individuals any rights which form part of their legal heritage. In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ explains direct effect principles as (i) subject measure must be clear; (ii) unconditional; (iii) require no additional implementation measures; (iv), State or institutional discretion is not permitted. Directives may have vertical or horizontal effect. Vertical direct effect permits enforcement against a Member State, where horizontal effect is individual citizen enforcement against another. There have been contradictory applications of both the horizontal and vertical direct effect. In Van Duyn, the ECJ found direct effect where the State obligations were sufficiently clear to assessed by a court. In contrast, Ratti provided that a similar directive only operated directly when the implementation date had passed; indirect effect applied to bypass this outcome. Regulations also may have horizontal and direct effects. Their implementation date does not hinder their operation, as Article 288 provides regulations have (i) general application, as (ii) binding and directly applicable in all Member States. This approach is confirmed in Commission v Italy, where regulations were not to be subject to additional implementation requirements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The doctrine of direct effect has been fundamentally undermined by the Court of Justice" essay for you Create order Ambiguous Application of the Doctrine The issue of the legality of horizontal direct effects has attempted to be bypassed in various cases. In Von Colson, the ECJ avoided it by finding that domestic law should be interpreted harmoniously with international law, or as close as reasonably practicable. If application of the law would lead to the substantially the same Directive outcome, the ECJ will look at whether the horizontal direct effect should be allowed, and labelled this the indirect effect. This idea was supported in later cases, for example in Marleasing, where the ECJ decided that domestic laws enacted before or after the Directive would nevertheless require implementation, even if national law does not relate to the Directive and is not enacted to specifically implement it. The doctrine also allows remedies for individuals in situations where a State has not appropriately implemented laws to properly reflect the Directive as the EU intended it to be applied. It is the responsibility of the Member State to certify that its institutions, authorities and court systems are following the rules of the Directive, therefore domestic courts can be sure the laws are applied to reflect their intended meaning. Discerning the intended meaning is difficult, as the ECJ often will not recognise a horizontal effect expressly, only impliedly by permitting a ruling to bypass the intention of the Directive by overriding the conflicting domestic legislation. This means a Directive can disapply a domestic law, permitted in CIA Securities v Signalson, where particular provisions in Belgium were found invalid as they did not properly follow the Directive. Conflicting Judicial Approaches The ECJ has creatively used methods to either ensure the doctrine can be applied. For instance, in the Foster case, the court formulated a reverse vicarious liability decision. This was used to find subsidiaries of the Member State responsible for failures of the domestic legislature, which becomes confusing given that at the same time, a private citizen also does not influence the implementation of a Directive but cannot be found liable. Contrastingly, in Ratti, the ECJ applied estoppel to hold a State liable and obliged to give effect to the Directive appropriately, because if this does not occur, citizens cannot rely on it at a domestic level. The State which does not correctly give effect to it is committing an equitable wrong against individuals. Complications also become evident in Marshall and Defrenne (No 2). In Marshall, the ECJ held a Directive only bind Member States, and invalidated any horizontal direct effect. However, in Defrenne, it held that Article 157, directed a t Member States, could also be applied horizontally against individuals. As mentioned, the Van Duyn case caused ambiguity as the ECJ found that Article 45 could be directly effective yet did not meet the requirement of being unconditional, because the power of the Member States was regulated judicial control. However, since no treaty has ever been found to not be regulated by judicial control, the Van Duyn case therefore removed the limitation of unconditionality. The second requirement of clarity was applied flexibly in Defrenne (No 2), as the court held that Article 157 was directly effective due to its dual meaning, the first being a general interpretation based on a mere aspiration of gender equality, the second being a specific restriction disallowing unequal remuneration in the workforce. The ruling in Marshall has caused the most controversy in recent times, as the court held that Directives will only have a direct effect on Member States and not in litigation between p rivate individuals. However, the ECJ then used various methods to avoid its own ruling, allowing Directives to have a de facto effect with the same outcome. Additionally, the ECJ interprets Member States inconsistently to allow them to be subject to vertically effective Directives in some situations and not others. This was shown in Foster v British Gas, where the court held an authority in any legal form with the duty of providing any public service under control of the State held powers beyond regular rules imposed on individuals and hence would be bound by unimplemented Directives. Recent Commentary Developing from the original restrictions imposed in Van Gend en Loos, various approaches have been adopted by the courts. Academic commentary posits that European law must become less influential and permit domestic courts to have more discretion in the event of conflicting national law, especially if the provisions in question are from local constitutions. To begin, there are established criteria to be met before any EU legislative provision can take a direct effect, which is carried forward from the original decision in Van Gend en Loos. The second point developed from the Marshall case it that the Directives can only legally have a vertical direct effect; the horizontal effect is allowed impliedly on some occasions. Problematically, legislation in Member States do not contain any guiding regulations on these limitations, possibly due to the ongoing inconsistent approach taken by the ECJ. However it should be noted that the first type of restriction has been flexibly applied rec ently and the Van Gend en Loos principles are less strict, while still broadly applied. Considering the doctrine beyond the level of Member States has also led to inconsistencies with application to individual citizens. For example, obligations are often imposed to restrict individuals through use of the de facto horizontal direct effect, such as free-market regulations, although these were never intended by parliament apply to private individuals. The case of Alemo-Herron outlined this problem, where the ECJ addressed a Directive on transferring of undertakings contained in Article 16 of the Charter which permits free formulation of contracts while conducting business. The interpretation under international law overruled that of the domestic application of contractual freedom Academics say this unfair application should be avoided, and greater domestic judicial discretion permitted by mandating a margin to favour local courts who are applying the EU law if the international appl ication will adversely affect fundamental rights. Conclusion The ECJ doctrine of direct effect has applied inconsistently and ambiguously at various times by the Court. These inconsistencies have led to the doctrine being legitimately critiqued as a political tool to strengthen the power of European Union laws over sovereignty in the domestic sphere. It has led to ongoing problems within the judicial system deriving from the criteria of Van Gend en Loos, which saw the ECJ bypass specific discussions by State Representatives stating they did not intend for the Treaty to be distinguished from other international treaties, and did not accept that it should provide rights to citizens to enforce at a domestic level either. There is now apparent ongoing ECJ application of de facto rules that conflict with national legislation, where inconsistent circumventions sanctioned by the ECJ do not uphold the objective of international courts to prevent application of a horizontal effect. By removing the original restrictions on the doctrine, the local c ourt system may be given more discretion to apply provisions fairly between individuals and Member States, and a flexible approach will allow the doctrine to be used for the benefit of both individuals and organisations seeking effective enforcement. Cases CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Costa v. E.N.E.L. [1964] ECR 1141. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455 Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. References Betlem, G. The principle of indirect effect of community law, ERPL, 1995, Vol. 3, Issue 1. Betlem, G. and Nolkaemper, A. Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14. Chalmers, D., Davies, G. and Monti, G. European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010). Craig, P. and de Burca, G. European Union Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th ed., Oxford University Press: 2011). Mastroianni, R. On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, 1999, EPL, Vol. 5, pp. 417-38. Nolkaemper, A. Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf Robin-Olivier, S. The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 165-188, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Sebba, I. The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 1995, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. Footnotes Ilan Sebba, The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 1995, p. 35. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Ibid, at [20]. Ibid, at [21]. NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Van Gend en Loos) [1963] ECR 1. Gerrit Betlem AndrÃÆ' © Nollkaemper, Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14, p. 569. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288. Commission v Italy [1973] ECR 101, at para. 17. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. R. Mastroianni, On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, EPL, 1999, Vol. 5, p. 417. Marleasing SA v La Commercial de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR 1-4135 Von Colson, above n 8, at [3]. G. Betlem. The principle of indirect effect of community law, 1995, ERPL, Vol. 3, No. 1. CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Ibid. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455. Van Duyn, above n 8. Ibid. Defrenne, above n 22. Marshall, above n 21. Sophie Robin-Olivier, The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Foster, above 18. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th edition: Oxford University Press: 2011), p. 188. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Marshall, above n 21. Robin-Oliver, above n 26. Ibid. Case C-426/11 Alemo-Herron and others, July 18, 2013, unreported. Directive 2001/23 of March 12, 2001: approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, 2001 O.J. (L 016). Damian Chalmers, Gareth Davies and Giorgio Monti, European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010), p. 288. Andre Nolkaemper, Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf, p. 5. Ibid, p. 6.

Prospero Constructs the Tempest Hierarchy and Returns...

The Tempest raises many questions regarding the formation of authority and power. Is hierarchy understood as natural or as constructed? Also, what are the consequences when authority is usurped? This paper will attempt to answer these questions in a succinct manner using textual references to solidify its arguments. As the play progresses, Prospero constructs the hierarchy in such a way as to return things to their natural state. Any type of usurpation, whether attempted or successful, will always end up with power back in its rightful place, and most of the time with a lesson learned. The events that take place in the play are all made possible by the original usurpation against Prospero, the right Duke of Milan by Antonio, his†¦show more content†¦Prospero usurped Calibans position as king of the island, just as Antonio usurped his brothers dukedom in Milan. However, Prospero is not wrong in his usurpation because Caliban is a savage creature, and therefore unfit to rule. Prosperos usurpation of Calibans throne is thus simply putting the hierarchy in a more natural state of affairs. We are especially receptive to the idea of Caliban being inhuman mainly because of the judgment Miranda gives of him even before he is formally introduced. She says, T is a villain, sir, / I do not love to look on (12). We are further convinced of his inability to rule when Prospero says: Thou most lying slave, Whom stripes may move, not kindness! I have used thee, Filth as thou art, with human care; and lodged thee In mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate The honour of my child. (14) The tension between the two worlds of the play centers on the issue of natural man versus civilized man. Caliban represents nature without the benefit of nurture. When Caliban attempts to violate Mirandas honor, he cannot do otherwise because he is a natural man without the benefit of societal restraints. Thus was it natural for Prospero to usurp the throne from Caliban. Prospero constructs the hierarchy of the island by usurping it from Caliban. His motivation behind doing this is that by making the island his own, he is furthering his design by which he will exact his revenge on the aristocrats and regainShow MoreRelatedShakespeares The Tempest Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tempest raises many questions regarding the formation of authority and power. Is hierarchy understood as natural or as constructed? Also, what are the consequences when authority is usurped? This paper will attempt to answer these questions in a succinct manner using textual references to solidify its arguments. As the play progresses, Prospero constructs the hierarchy in such a way as to return things to their natural state. Any type of usurpation, whether attempted or successful, will

Understanding Schizophreni How Do You Know - 870 Words

Understanding Schizophrenia 4 Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of varying symptoms, in fact until the current edition of the DSM-V this disorder was broken into subtypes such as catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual. There many facets of schizophrenia such as auditory hallucinations, delusions, social isolation, as well as intense suspicion or agitation, each of which contributed to the previous subtypes of schizophrenia. Today, individuals with schizophrenia are assessed severity of symptoms rather than by classification. How Do You Know Yesterday?s View and Today?s Knowledge Research has shown that one of the main factors of schizophrenia is genetics. Despite the fact that there has†¦show more content†¦This perspective is possibly the oldest in regards to the investigation of schizophrenia, beginning with the original term for schizophrenia, dementia praecox, which described what most believed to be a chronic condition of weakening one?s mind (Jablensky, 2010). Today, schizophrenia is understood through the cognitive and psychoanalytical model as well. In fact the cognitive approach to schizophrenia today is not as insular as typically thought when associated to mental illnesses. In fact, cognitive approach addresses the environment, neurological, and behavioral interactions within the stressors of schizophrenia (Beck Rector, 2005). Myth and Confusion With so many factors contributing to schizophrenia, and many mental disorders with similar symptoms it is easy to confuse information. Some of the beliefs about schizophrenia range from, confusion while others are plain fiction. In some cases schizophrenia is used interchangeably with dissociative identity disorder; however, those that have schizophrenia also have auditory hallucinations which can be mistaken for shifts in personality (Dorahy et al., 2009). There are also some interesting risk factors that sound like myth, but have viable research to as support. Such examples include being born during winter

Classical Management Theories free essay sample

This is a narrow statement. A stronger statement could be; Happy workers are more productive than unhappy workers. This is a broad statement. A stronger statement could be; According to Maslow people who satisfy their important needs at work will achieve a higher level of productivity. Many motivation theories taught in business schools such as Maslows hierarchy of needs and self-efficacy theory are culturally biased. This is a strong statement. The topic is clearly defined, there is a strong link to theory and an obvious definite argument. A successful company is one that regards its human capital as its most important asset. With that said, the effective management of that human capital is a crucial factor in the success or failure of an organisation. The Oxford Dictionary defines a manager as, a person responsible for controlling or administering an organisation or group of staff. This essay will address the question, â€Å"Do the principles of Classical Approaches to Management still generally hold true or are these traditional ideas just constraining for contemporary firms? † It will explain each of the three classical approaches to management, Taylor’s Scientific Management theory, Fayol’s Administrative Principles, and Weber’s Bureaucratic Organisation style and how specific ideologies of each of these theories can form the basis of a strong modern management approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Management Theories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will also examine why one single approach to management is no longer effective as a management style, and why it is necessary to combine elements from each of the three classical management approaches to successfully operate in a modern organisation where globalisation and technology are changing the way that workplaces are managed.

Effect of E Shopping in the Purchasing Decisions of the Customers

Question: Describe the effect of E shopping in the purchasing decisions of the customers. Answer: Introduction The present research paper is based on the effect of online marketing on the purchasing decisions of the customers. The application of Internet has provided one of the major breakthroughs in modern generations. The use and contribution of web towards the development process of E-commerce is remarkable (Bleier and Eisenbeiss, 2015). At present bulk of the people prefers E shopping as compared with the traditional mode of shopping. There are certain benefits and features of online shopping. Primarily it gives the opportunities to the customers to save time and on the other hand, the customers get all the products and services at a lower cost as compared with the market price. There are certain factors, which affects the purchasing decisions of the customers in online shopping. All the factors will be analyzed critically in order make this particular research paper more interesting for the readers (Bove e and Thill, 2012). Research Questions All the issues in this specific research paper are developed keeping in mind the requirements and objectives of the study. Q1) what are the different factors, which affects the purchasing decisions of the customers? Q2) what are the various advantages, which the customers gets while shopping online Q3) what are the different issues in online shopping? Q4) what are the various kinds of recommendations, which can be concluded in the study? Research Objectives The purpose of the study is to analyze all the relevant factors, which affects the purchasing decisions of the customers. The notion of the E shopping has provided one of the major breakthroughs in modern generations (Carmel, Koonin and Dracheva, 2012). There are several ways by which the customers are benefited while shopping online as compared with the traditional mode of shopping. The other objective of the study is to identify different issues, which bulk of the customers faces while shopping online. There are certain recommendations, which can be concluded in the study (Collins, 2012). Research Hypothesis The investigator in the study has developed two-research hypothesis keeping in mind the requirement of the investigation procedure. H0 and H1 are the two research hypotheses, which is developed by the investigator in the study (Conaway and Laasch, 2012). The present research paper is prepared by analyzing different theories, which will conclude about what are the different kinds of factors, which reach the important of online marketing in the modern generation. The objective of the research hypothesis is to test different types of theories, which are used in the investigation procedure. H0 = Effect of E shopping changes the purchasing decisions of the customers H1 = effect of E shopping do not affect the purchasing decisions of the customers Literature Review This part of the study will analyze all the crucial factors and theories in order to support entire investigation procedure with sufficient information. The selected topic in the study concludes how the effective of E shopping puts a positive impact on the purchasing decisions of the customers (Du, 2013). There are several factors, which brings both positive impact and negative effects on the purchasing decisions of the customers. The bulk of the customers are benefited in different ways while adopting the concept of E shopping as well as marketing. Both the customers and the business firms are helped in several ways while taking the notion of the online shopping (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). The primary option by which the customers are helped is all the products and services, which are offered online, are in a much-discounted price as compared with the retail market. With the application of online marketing, the bulk of the organization that developed its business in Ecommerce gets the opportunity to maintain a proper cost effective business plan (Jin and Lin, 2012). Advantages of Online Marketing and Shopping This part of the study will analyze all the significant factors, which affects the purchasing decision of the customers. Better Pricing Pricing is one of the most crucial factors, which affects the purchasing decisions of the client. The bulk of the online store provides offer prices that are much lower as compared with the original market price (Kotler and Armstrong, 2014). There is particular reason people prefer the notion of online marketing and shopping. Online business owners develop its structure of activities keeping in mind the requirements of the customers. The objective of the different online store is to maintain a low-profit margin, and it will automatically help the organization to maintain a strong customer base. There are certain factors, which affects the purchasing decision of the customers. Pricing factor is one of the most crucial factors among all the factors (Kurtz and Boone, 2012). Diversified options The notion of the E shopping allows all the customers to get all the products and services in a much-diversified manner. The customers have the option to explore different web stores within few seconds. If some groups of customers are not satisfied with any particular products and services, it will provide the option of easily shifting to another brand (Liaukonyte, Teixeira and Wilbur, 2015). Variety is the key factor, which is highlighted in the study. E shopping offers different types to the customers of various products and services. Shopping online will allow the customers to find different types of goods and services as compared with physical stores. Time Saving The notion of the E shopping provides the clients to keep time. It allows the clients to save time by not visiting the stores physically (Moll, 2012). This is one of the most crucial impacts of E shopping towards the purchasing decisions of the customers. Now a days time is one of the most important factors in daily operations of the life. The customers are benefited in different ways by adopting the method of E shopping out of which time saving is one of the most crucial factors (Park, 2012). Price comparisons By applying, the mode of E shopping all the customers will get the opportunity compare and contrast different prices of different brands (Phua, 2012). The notion of the E shopping will provide the customers to get the best alternative prices of the selected products and services. All the above factors conclude why the notion of E shopping puts a significant effect on the purchasing decisions of the customers (Potter, 2012). The objective of this particular research paper is to analyze the entire important factor, which affects the purchasing decisions of the customers by adopting the method of E-commerce. Disadvantages of E shopping There are certain disadvantages of E-shopping, which are highlighted in this part of the study. It is very much familiar; if there are advantages most likely, there will disadvantages. In spite the success of purchasing by adopting the mode of E-shopping there are still some disadvantages that some of the buyers complain about (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2012). The follow part of the study will conclude about the major difficulties which some of the customers faces while shopping online (Rao, 2015). Personally, check the items The notion of the E shopping does not provide the shoppers to examine the products individually. In this particular case, some of the customers firmly believe in the fact, while shopping online is they need to consider the products individually (Tanner and Raymond, 2012). All the online stores provide the option to the buyers only the product description and photos of the merchandise which is one of the major disadvantages for many online shoppers. Diminished instant satisfaction The notion of offline shopping provides the option to gather immediate satisfaction among the customers. The major disadvantage of E shopping is after buying products and a service it takes few days to reach to the customers after the shipment is done. However, the notion of the E shopping requires patients for the buyers to get the product (Thorson and Duffy, 2012). After getting completing, the first step of buying all the E-commerce customers needs to wait for the product to be delivered. There are few disadvantages as compared with the advantages. The concept of E shopping is getting continuously popularize (Wu, 2015). After concluding the benefits of E-commerce as well as disadvantages of E-commerce is an additional knowledge for the majority of the E-shoppers for gathering proper knowledge that is very much applicable before shopping online. Challenges faced by the business organization Cost of Initialization The concept of the E shopping provides an additional opportunity to the majority of the business firms to reduce the cost of business operations. However, the initial installation of application of E-commerce is very much costly (Wu et al., 2015). There is a different business organization of various business objectives in the enterprise world. All the time it is not possible for the small group to develop a proper online business structure. It is one of the major issues, which small scale industries faces while maintaining an appropriate pace with the advancement of technologies (Yang and Ma, 2013). Massive infrastructure is required by the different organization to develop a proper E-commerce infrastructure. Sometimes it becomes very much difficult for small and growing organization to install such infrastructure (Wu, 2015). Proper Shipment Shipment is one of the major issues, which mass of the enterprice faces in the delivery system. There are diverse kinds of problems arise in the development of the proper delivery system. Massive infrastructure is required by the different business organization based on the objectives of the company to develop a proper a proper delivery system in the enterprise operations (Wu et al., 2015). Marinating an appropriate shipment system in the organization will allow the business firm to marinate an appropriate supply chain management. It allows the business firm to maintain a smooth of business organization (Bleier and Eisenbeiss, 2015). Research Methodologies The outline of the investigation procedure concludes the research methodologies. The investigator adopts the mode of research methods depending upon the nature of the inquiry process. There are certain factors, which are highlighted towards the development process of a proper research outline. Data collection method is one of the most crucial elements in the entire research methodology (Yang and Ma, 2013). In the present research paper, the capable of online marketing in the purchasing decisions of the customers, the investigator has decided to use the primary data collection techniques and the secondary data collection methods. The analyst in the study has decided to divide the main method of data groups into two parts (Collins, 2012). The two parts of the main mode of data collection are the significant part and the qualitative part. The investigator also decides the sample space. In the main mode of data collection techniques, the investigator has interrogated ten customers in a shopping mall and five official kinds of stuff in the mall. All of the members in the investigation procedure were very much cooperative. The investigator has organized the secondary mode of data collective in a different manner. The analyst has used different kinds of magazines, official blocks, and statistical report in order to conclude the investigation procedure with sufficient examples and data. The investigator has done a remarkable job while organizing the data collection process, which is one of the most significant parts of the research methodology (Jin and Lin, 2012). Research designs, research outline, and research approach is the three major factors, which are used by a majority of the investigator towards organizing a major effective investigation process. In the present investigation process, the analyst has used the notion of positivism investigation philosophy. Research philosophy is a phenomenon about the way by which the collected data are analyzed. With the help of the research philosophies, the investigator can support the entire research operations with different scientific models. In the application of the positivism, research philosophy the investigator is independent of the study (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). In this particular research philosophy, the role of the researcher is not limited to the data collection and data analyzing procedure. With the help of the of post-positivism research philosophy, the investigator will be able to support the entire investigation system with scientific evidence and theories. The research approach is one of the most significant and crucial parts in the examination practice. It is one of the most complicated jobs for the examiner whether to choose the inductive method of research methodology or deductive method of research methodology. Both the research methodology has different kinds of utility (Liaukonyte, Teixeira and Wilbur, 2015). The difference, which is highlighted in the study between the inductive method and deductive method of research approach are as follows. The notion of testing existing theories in the investigation procedure is known as the concept of the inductive method of research methodologies. The idea of generating modern ideas in the application of inquiry process is known as the notion of inductive research method. In the present inquiry process, the investigator has used the notion of the inductive research approach. With the application of the inductive research method, the examiner will be able to support the examination procedure based on generations of new theory emerging from data. Inductive research methodology is associated with quantitative research (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2012). The investigator in order to support the research on the effect of E shopping in the purchasing decisions of the customers uses the concept of the inductive approach of investigation procedure. In order to make the entire investigation procedure more accurate, the investigator has decided to use the notion of descriptive research design (Rao, 2015). Descriptive research design will help the investigator to support the whole inquiry process in an in-depth analysis. Descriptive research design will help the researcher to describe the characteristics of the populations. The investigator keeping the outline of the investigation procedure has developed the outline of the investigation procedure. The objective of the investigation in this particular research work on the effect of E shopping in the purchasing decisions of the customers is to complete the investigation procedure on time (Thorson and Duffy, 2012). However, on the other hand, it is one of the most complicated jobs for any researcher to finish the entire investigation procedure on time. In the present research, study the investigator has done a remarkable job to complete the whole investigation procedure with sufficient informations and on time (Wu, 2015). Research Ethics The investigator has organized the entire investigation system by following all the ethics in a proper manner. There are certain ethics, which are required by the investigator to follow while holding a proper inquiry procedure. Data Protection Act is one of the primary principles, which the investigator follows in the operations of the investigation proceedings, which allows the investigator to maintain the privacy of the organization (Wu et al., 2015). Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the relevant factors, which are highlighted in the study. The entire investigation procedure is divided into several parts. The introductory part of the study will conclude about the background of the study. The selected topic in the study is the effect of E shopping in the purchasing decisions of the customers. All the factors are analyzed crucially in the operations of the research. The research questions, which the investigator developed in the activities of the study, will conclude about the importance of the research paper. There are two hypotheses, which are developed by the investigator in the study. H0 and H1 are the two research hypotheses, which the researcher formulated in the operation of the examination procedure. The most crucial part of the entire learning is the literature review. The literature review of the learning will conclude with different application of the various theories, which will end about the advantages, and disadvantages of online shopping. The notion of the E shopping has several advantages as well disadvantages. On the other hand, different, different organization faces different kinds of challenges while implementing all the plans and proceedings of E-commerce in a proper manner. Cost is one of the most and crucial factors towards implementing all the programs and policies of E-commerce. The most essential and significant part of the entire investigation procedure is the outline of the research methodologies which the investigator has used in the operations of the inquiry process. Data collection is one of the most crucial parts of the survey process. The investigation into the activities of the inquiry procedure has given equal importance to both the primary method of data collection as well as the secondary method of data collection. All the collected data are equally important for the investigator to construct the investigation procedure by fulfilling all the required object ives of the study. The two hypotheses, which are developed by the researcher, are HO and H1. H0 = Effect of E shopping changes the purchasing decisions of the customers. After completing the entire investigation procedure, it can be concluded that H0 hypothesis is accepted. The application of the E shopping has changed the whole notion and trend of shopping in a much-diversified manner. The bulk of the buyers prefer the concept and the use of the E shopping in order to be benefited in several ways. Reference List Bleier, A. and Eisenbeiss, M. (2015). 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